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THE 
VETERINARIAN 

ChasJ.Korinek.Y.S. 


IHE  NORWICH  BULLETIN 


^-  fi  a  mKmmmmmmmmmmmmimmmmmemmHmmmmm 


Care  of  Freshening  Heifer 

I  have  a  heifer  coming  fresh.  How 
should  I  feed  her  and  how  to.  gram  her  so 
she  would  produce  a  good  yield  of  jnilk? 
When  can  I  do  for  a  caked  udder?  E.  B. 

Pennsylvania. 

With  good  quality  hay  and  silage  fed 
at  the  rate  of  one  pound  of  hay  and 
three  pounds  of  silage  per  100  POunds 
live  weight  the  concentrates  should  he  fed 
at  the  rate  of  one  pound  of  gram  per 
three  to  four  pounds  of  milk  produced 
diilv  A  good  home-made  gram  mixture 
is:  Ground  corn.  600  pounds;  ground 
oats,  600  pounds;  wheat  bran,  6(20 
pounds;  linseed  meal,  200  pounds;  and  oO 
pounds  of  steamed  boneraeal  added.  Keep 
sal  tavailable  at  all  times  and  good  clean 

^'Heifers'  udders  may  cake  quite  badly 
and  gradually  subside.  It  is  usually 
nothing  to  be  alarmed  about.  If  desired 
any  of  several  good  liniments  and  bag 
ointments  may  be  used,  also  camphorated 
ointment  applied  daily.  k.  w.  d. 

Barn  Itch 

.  Here  is  my  remedy  :  Take  sulphur  and 
laid,  equal  parts,  mix  well  and  rub  on 
affected  parts.  It  will  cure  both  cattle 
and  man.  ^'  ^« 

Ohio. 


Duration  and  frequency  ol 
Heat  in  Farm  Animals 

In  heat  for 

Mares 5-7    days* 

Cows 2-3    days 

Ewes 2-3   days* 

Sows 2-4   days 

If  not  impregnated  heat  will  recur  in 

Mares  3    to    6   weeks  ^>^| 

Cows    --^   to^   weeks  5?^t 

Ewes    17  to  28  days 

Sows  21  days 

*  Subject  to  variation.  - 

From  a  Connecticut  Friend 

For  over  50  years,  The  Rurajl  New- 
Yorker  has  been  a  regular  visitor  at 
our  home.  My  father-in-law,  John  H. 
Vallett  would  not  have  thought  he  could 
go  about  his  work  without  The  Rural, 
as  he  always  called  it.  After  his  death 
by  accident  at  78,  his  son,  my  husband, 
continued  taking  the  paper.       y   ' 

I  am  enclosing  picture  j<<5f  our  cow 
Molly,  whose  22nd  birthda/was^the  26th 


I  notice  inquiry  about  barn  itch.  Get 
the  oldest  used  motor  oil  possible,  make 
a  swab  on  a  stick  and  apply  freely  to  af- 
fected parts ;  this  may  have  to  be  re- 
peated. I  bought  a  purebred  Guernsey 
'heifer  very  cheap  from  a  farmer  Avho 
thought  her  incurable;  she  is  live  years 
«.ld  and  has  not  a  spot.  m.  k. 

New  York, .^  . 


"^^   Curing  Calf  Scours 

I  have  been  a  farmer  for  xnany 
years,  my  entire  life  in  fadt,  and  the 
most  effective  ciire  for  calf  scours 
I  have  ever  tried  consists  of  1^/^  tea- 
spoons of  cinnamon  and  %  teaspoon 
corn  starch.  Mix  these  together  dry,-' 
Then  put  them  in  a  bottle  of  luke 
warm  water  and  shake  well.  Give 
it  to  the  calf  at  once  right  from  the 
bottle.  A.  J.  c, 

Massachusetts. 


Boggie  of  Eastside  is  a  splendid  ex-, 
ample  of  the  kind  of  cows  dairymen  must, 
depend  upon  to  build  really  profitable 
herds.  This  purebred  Ayrshire  cow  owned 
by  Sycamore  Farms,  of  Douglassville,  i 
Pennsylvania,  has  produced  over  140,- 
000  pounds  of  milk  and  5,000  pounds  of  ; 
butterfat,    npt   counting   her   first    two  ' 
lactation  periods,  of  which  no  record  was  I 
kept.  She  has  dropped  12  living  calves  j 
and  i^  now- producing  13,000  pounds  of; 
milk  a  year.  She  is  from  a  proven  sire  j 

U  and  her  dam  was  a  heavy  producer  till  ; 

Ijshe  was  fully  19  years  of  age.  \ 


of  last  June.  Shi- is  a^^itiful  Jersey. 
Her  last  calf  wa4  born  in^^x-h,  1926, 
and  she  has  given  milk  ever  sim^i.  Even 
now  she  is  giving  between  four  Vnd  five 
quarts  of  the  best.  She  is  just  like  one 
of  the  family.  On  her  birthday  she  had 
a  birthday  cake,  and  is  exceptionally  fond 
of  sweet  things  like  candy  and  cake. 
New  London   Co.,   Conn. 

EDITH  M.  VALLEET. 


iBMiiiaia 


■snofl 


'3*^?ti_/ 


«»ssm..  -  •  -  -      « 

Living  calf  triplets  are  just  about  as  rare  as  human  triplets.     These  husky  indi- 
viduals were  born  at  the  Kaplan  Stables,  Great  Barrington,  Mass.    On  page   13 
of   the   January   4th    issue,   we   printed   a   picture    of   Guernsey   triplets   horn   at 
Aroilla  Farms,   Ipswich,   Mass.     It  seems  to   be  a  Massachusetts  trait. 

0 


Cow  Has  Skin  Trouble 

What   can   I    do   to  cure    the   itch    on 

my  cow  on  her  neck  and  on  the  back 
near  the  tail?  f.  o. 

New  York. 

There  are  a  number  of  skin  parasites 
which  might  cause  the  condition  referred 
to.  It  seems  probable,  however,  that  the 
cow  is  infested  with  a  form  of  ringworm. 
If  this  is  the  case  the  following  treatment 
will  be  of  benefit :  First  wash  all  over  and 
around  the  parts  with  warm  water  and 
soap,  scrub  well.  Rinse  and  dry.  Paint 
over   the    areas    with    tincture    of   iodine. 


Webster  Family  Library  of  Veterinary  Medicine 
In  two  days  apply  liberally  and  rub  in  i  Cummifias  Sctiool  of  VeterifiaTy  Meclicine  Bt 

<vell  a  salve  made  of  equal  parts  Vase-  '       r.     ,  j    ^         v 
line  and   flowers  of  sulphur.    Apply   the>.TUnS  UfllVGrSliy 


>uiphur  ointment  every  day  for  a  week. 


V 


..  n.hi„g  the  area,  each  day,  before  apply^:  1200  WeStbOfO  ROad  ' 
^<?,  with  warm  water  and  soap.     In  two    [^^Q^jl  GraftOfl,  MA  01536 
'•eks  apply  tincture  of  iodine  again,  and  -t 
mtinue  with  the  sulphur  ointment  until  f 
>ed.  B.  w.  D.     ikj 


^-^         .^"^  fn  kppD  clean,    uniy  a  "n^i  ^^^^^^^^   ■--- 

Veterinary  Co-Ops  IHL-%Sta».<^.?o« 


^;2<^  o/^^r 


Topics  in  Season 

leges  in  1934-35  in  13  central  states,  31.7% 
were  former  club  members.  That  percen- 
tage is  higher  than  it  was  a  few  years  ago. 
In  1927-28,  for  example,  only  18.5%  ot 
students   enrolled   in   those    courses   had 


.ulres  eating  pellets,  fed  dry,  from  path 

been  former  club  members;  in   1930-31, 
||  24.7%;  in  1932-33,  28.5%. 
\      How  many  of  them  go  back  to  farm 

after    finishing    college?      No    answer   to 

that  in  the  figures. 

\  '^-  C  Like  the  Old  Gray  Mare  the  boys 
'i  sing  about,  calf  feeding  has  changed.  The 
:'  newest  way  of  feeding  calf  meal  is  in  the 

form    of    compressed    pellets,    given    dry. 

They  mean  less  labor,  less  feed  wasted, 
i  Besides,  the  feed  boxes  or  pails  are  easier| 
k 


TUFTS   UNIVERSITY    LIBRARIES 


3  9090  014  532  994 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


DR.   CHAS.   J.   KORINEK 

Gpaduate  of  Ontario  Veterinapy  College  of  University  of  Toronto. 

Ex -State  Veterinarian  of  Oregon.   Ex  ^  President 

Oregon  State  Veterinary  Medical  Board. 

Hon.  Member  Ontario  Veterinary 

Medical  Association 


THIRD  EDITION 

Price  $2.50 


PUBLISHED  BY 

THE   GERLACH-BARKLOW   CO. 

JOLIET,  ILLINOIS,  U.  S.  A. 

and  Toronto,  Canada 

1916 


Copyrighted  1915 

BY 

CHAS.  J.  KORINEK.  V.  S. 


British  Copyrights  SecurBD 

ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVeo 


FOREWORD 

THIS  treatise  on  the  diseases  of  domestic 
animals  lias  been  written  with  the  pri- 
mary purpose  of  placing  in  tke  hands  of 
stock  owners,  a  book  of  practical  worth ;  hence, 
all  technical  language  or  terms,  as  used  by  the 
professional  veterinarian,  have  been  eliminated 
and  only  such  language  used  as  all  may  read  and 
understand. 

The  treatment  suggested  in  each  case  is  one  I 
have  used  and  found  efficient  in  my  many  years 
of  practice. 

If  my  readers  will  study  and  follow  these  di- 
rections carefully,  they  will  save  themselves 
much  unnecessary  loss.  My  confidence  in 
this  accomplishment  is  my  reward  for  my  labor 
in  behalf  of  our  dumb  friends — the 'domestic 
animals.  T^^  Author 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Chapter       I    Diseases  of  the  Hoese         -        -        -  9 

Chapter     II    Diseases  of  Cattle       -  *      -        -        -  87 

Chapter   III     Diseases  of  Swine        ...        -  161 

Chapter    IV    Diseases  of  Sheep  and  Goats      -        -  193 

Chapter      V    Diseases  of  Poultry    -        -        .        -  219 

Chapter    VI    Miscellaneous       -----  245 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Points  of  Horse 10 

Hackney  Stallion        -        - 22 

Clydesdale  Stallion     ---...-  28 

Arabian  Horses 34 

Belgian  Stallion 44 

Saddle  Stallion 56 

Percheron  Stallions 72 

Points  of  Dairy  Cow   -                 .        .        .        .         .  88 

Dairy  Herd   -        - 98 

Galloway  Bull .        .  io8 

Jersey  Cow   --..-..-  hq 

Hereford  Bull      .....                         .  122 

Guernsey  Cow       -     ' 128 

Shorthorn  Bull  -        ■         ......  iSQ 

Ayrshire  Cows      - ■  146 

HoLSTEiN  Cow        -        '         -         -        -  -      -         -         .  156 

Points  of  Hog _         .  i62 

Chester  Whites 170 

DuROC  Boar  -        -•       .        .                 .        .        .        .  I74 

Poland  China  Boar 180 

Berkshire  Boar    -       , 188 

Points  of  Sheep 194 

Delaine  Merino  Ram  and  Ewes 200 

Shropshire  Ram 208 

CoTswoLD  Ewes 214 

White  Plymouth  Rocks 220 

Buff  Orpington  Hen    -        -        -        -        t        .        .  226 

Plymouth  Rock  Cock 230 

White  Leghorn  Hen 234 

Columbian  Wyandotte  Cock        -        -        -   ,     *        -  240 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii^ 


DISEASES  OF  THE 
HORSE 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


liiiiiiiiuiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiniiimiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiimmiiMiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiii « 


'Si^ifr: 


CHAPTER  I 


ABORTION  IN  MARES 

Cause  :  Quality  and  quantity  of  food,  poorly  lighted, 
ventilated  or  drained  stables,  mare  falling  or  slipping, 
sprains,  kicks,  hard,  fast  work  or  eating  poisonous  vege- 
tation. 

Symptoms:  Mare  will  show  signs  of  colic,  the  outer 
portion  of  the  womb  will  be  swollen,  and  if  the  colicky 
symptoms  continue  there  will  be  a  watery  discharge 
and  the  membranes  covering  the  foetus  or  foal  will 
become  noticeable.  The  animal  strains  when  lying  down 
or  getting  up. 

Treatment:  Place  the  animal  in  comfortable  quar- 
ters and  blanket  if  chilly.  When  colicky  pains  are 
present  treat  the  same  as  for  spasmodic  colic.  To  stop 
the  straining  and  labor  pains,  give  Tincture  Opii  one 
ounce,  placing  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 
gun  every^two  hours.  One  to  two  doses,  however,  are 
generally  sufficient  as  the  mare  will  either  abort  or  the 
dangerous  period  will  have  passed.  Keep  the  animal 
quiet  and  feed  good  nutritious  food  and  pure  water  with 
chill  taken  off  in  small  quantities  but  often.  Disinfect 
the  mare's  quarters  thoroughly.  A  good  general  tonic 
should  be  used  in  this  condition,  one  that  will  strengthen 
and  assist  nature  to  throw  off  impurities  from  the  blood, 
such  as  Sodium  Hyposulphite,  eight  ounces;  Potassi 
Iodide,  one  ounce.  Make  into  eight  powders  and  give 
one  powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  drinking  water. 


ABSCESS 
Cause  :    Bruises  and  injuries.    Abscesses  are  also  seen 
in  complications  with  various  diseases,  perhaps  the  most 
common  being  distemper,  laryngitis,  etc. 


12  THE    VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms  :  Symptoms  will  vary,  of  course,  according 
to  the  development  of  the  disease.  It  may  not  be  noticed 
at  first,  but  upon  careful  examination  small  tortuous 
lines  will  be  observed  running  from  the  point  of  irrita- 
tion. In  many  cases  a  swelling  is  noticed  which  is  hot, 
painful  and  throbbing  and  enlarges  rapidly.  In  two  or 
three  days  the  soreness  and  heat  gradually  subside,  but 
the  abscess  continues  to  grow.  The  hair  falls  from  the 
affected  parts  and  in  a  short  time  the  abscess  discharges, 
and  the  cavity  gradually  fills  up  and  heals  by  granula- 
tion. 

Tkeatment  :  In  all  cases  hasten  the  repairing  process 
as  much  as  possible  by  applying  hot  water  packs  or  hot 
bran,  flaxseed  or  vegetable  poultices.  It  is  common  with 
veterinarians  to  lance  an  abscess  as  soon  as  possible,  but 
this  requires  skill  and  practice.  I  could  not  advise  stock- 
owners  to  perform  this  operation,  as  it  requires  exact 
knowledge  of  anatomy.  It  will  usually  be  found  a  safe 
plan  to  encourage  the  full  ripening  of  an  abscess  and 
allow  it  to  open  of  its  own  accord,  as  it  will  heal  much 
better  and  quicker  and  you  take  no  chances  of  infection 
with  an  instrument.  When  opened  do  not  squeeze  the 
abscess  to  any  extent,  but  press  gently  with  clean  hands 
or  cloth,  to  remove  the  clot,  and  after  this  simply  keep 
open  by  washing  the  abscess  with  a  three  per  cent  Car- 
bolic Acid  solution  or  Bichloride  of  Mercury,  one  part 
to  one  thousand  parts  of  water.  When  an  animal  has 
abscesses  it  is  well  to  give  the  following  blood  purifiers 
or  internal  antiseptics:  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  eight 
ounces ;  Potassi  Iodide,  one  ounce.  Mix  well  and  make 
into  eight  powders  and  give  one  powder  twice  daily  in 
drinking  water,  or  place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  admin- 
ister with  capsule  gun.  This  prescription  will  prevent 
the  absorption  of  impurities  from  the  abscess  into  the 
blood. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  13 

ANEMIA 

Cause  :  Insufficient  quality  and  quantity  of  food,  in- 
sanitary surroundings,  overwork,  lack  of  exercise,  drains 
on  the  system  from  acute  or  chronic  diseases,  worms; 
and  can  also  be  brought  about  by  excessive  heat,  cold  or 
pressure  and  lessening  of  the  calibre  of  the  arteries, 
poisons  in  the  blood,  suppurating  wounds,  repeated 
purging  or  bleedings. 

Symptoms:  The  visible  mucous  membranes  of  the 
nose,  eyes  and  mouth  are  pale  and  sometimes  have  a 
yellow  appearance.  There  is  weakness,  temperature  of 
the  body  is  lower  than  normal;  pulse  weak,  legs  cold  to 
the  feet,  cold  sweats  are  often  present,  breathing  is 
quickened,  especially  in  its  last  stages,  animals  tire 
easily,  appetite  and  digestion  become  poor,  swelling  of 
the  legs  and  the  under  surface  of  the  abdomen,  sheath 
and  udder;  the  skin  becomes  rough  and  dry. 

Treatment  :  Remove  the  cause  if  possible  in  its  first 
stages,  or  when  first  noticed.  Give  a  physic  of  Calomel, 
two  scruples;  Aloin,  two  drams;  Pulv.  Gentian,  two 
drams ;  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and 
give  at  one  dose  with  capsule  gun.  Also,  administer  the 
following:  Arsenious  Acid,  one  dram;  Ferri  Sulphate, 
three  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian,  three  ounces;  Pulv.  Fenu- 
greek Seed,  three  ounces,  and  Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  three 
ounces.  Mix  well  and  make  into  twenty  powders.  Give 
one  powder  three  times  a  day  in  feed,  or  place  in  gelatin 
capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Endeavor  to  build 
up  the  condition  of  the  animal  by  the  proper  quantity 
and  quality  of  food.  Give  pure  water  to  drink,  also  pro- 
vide sanitary  conditions,  as  pure  air,  sunlight  if  possible. 
Turn  out  to  grass  when  the  weather  is  favorable.  This 
treatment  should  be  continued  until  the  animal  shows 
sign  of  improvement.  However,  the  administration  of 
physics  should  be  given  with  great  care  so  as  not  to  pro- 
duce superpurgation  of  the  bowels  (scours),  as  physics 
in  this  condition  would  tend  to  weaken  the  animal. 


14  THE   VETERINARIAN 

It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  pure  water  and  nour- 
ishing food  play  a  very  important  part  in  the  treatment 
of  Anemia, 


APHTHAE 
(Sore  wiouth  and  tongue — Pustular  Stomatitis) 

Cause:  Superficial  eruptions  of  the  mucous  mem- 
branes of  the  mouth  and  tongue.  Frequently  seen  dur- 
ing convalescence  of  intermittent  fever.  This  condition 
may  also  follow  diseases  of  the  digestive  system,  as  In- 
digestion, etc.,  due  to  the  blood  absorbing  toxic  materials 
which  break  out  in  the  form  of  pustules  about  the  mouth 
and  the  whole  alimentary  canal  (stomach  and  intes- 
tines). 

Symptoms:  The  appetite  is  impaired,  the  mouth  hot, 
the  pulse  not  much  affected  as  a  rule,  the  temperature  is 
slightly  elevated,  the  animal  is  unable  to  masticate,  and 
small  vesicles  appear  and  eventually  terminate  into  pus- 
tules and  burst  and  discharge  a  small  amount  of  pus  at 
the  parts  where  the  sores  are  the  deepest. 

Treatment:  Remove  the  cause  if  possible.  Feed 
clean,  soft  food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  hot  wheat  bran 
mashes  and  steamed  rolled  oats,  vegetables,  etc.  For  a 
mouth-wash  dissolve  the  following:  One  dram  of  Cop- 
per Sulphate,  one  dram  of  Chlorate  of  Potash,  one  dram 
of  Boracic  Acid  in  clean  hot  water,  and  syringe  out  the 
mouth  two  or  three  times  a  day.  To  the  drinking  water 
add  one  ounce  of  Hyposulphite  of  Soda  twice  a  day. 
Where  the  appetite  is  impaired,  administer  the  follow- 
ing: Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  Pulv.  Iron, 
Pulv.  Nitrate  of  Potash  each  two  ounces.  Mix  and  make 
into  sixteen  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  three  times  a 
day  with  capsule  gun. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE  15 

AZOTURIA 

Cause:  This  disease  is  usually  due  to  work  after  a 
period  of  idleness,  during  which  the  animal  has  been 
liberally  fed.  It  is  found  principally  among  highly-fed 
draft  horses,  and  never  in  animals  which  are  regularly 
worked.  Light  breeds  of  horses  are  also  susceptible  to 
this  disease. 

Symptoms:  Attack  is  sudden  and  usually  appears 
when  the  horse  has  traveled  a  short  distance  after  hav- 
ing been  stabled  for  a  few  days.  The  characteristio 
symptoms  of  this  disease  in  an  animal  are :  Excitability 
without  apparent  cause ;  actions  seem  to  indicate  injury 
of  the  hind  quarters  or  loins.  Animal  has  a  peculiar 
goose-rumped  look,  owing  to  the  muscles  over  the 
quarters  being  violently  contracted,  and  are  hard  on 
pressure.  One  hind  limb  is  generally  advanced  in  front 
of  the  other,  and  on  attempting  to  put  weight  on  it,  the 
hind  quarters  will  drop  until  at  times  the  hocks  almost 
touch  the  ground.  Sometimes  a  front  leg  is  affected. 
The  breathing  is  hurried.  Animal  is  bathed  in  sweat, 
and  is  in  such  agony  that  it  will  seize  almost  anything 
with  its  teeth.  Although  the  pulse  is  hard  and  frequent, 
the  internal  temperature,  even  in  severe  cases,  seldom 
rises  to  any  marked  extent.  The  urine  is  dark-red  to 
dirty-brown  color.  Owing  to  the  stoppage  of  the  worm- 
like movement  of  the  bowels,  there  is  generally  constipa- 
tion and  retention  of  the  urine.  Sometimes  the  symp- 
toms are  milder  than  here  described.  In  other  cases 
the  animal  soon  falls  to  the  ground  and  continues  to 
struggle  in  a  delirious,  half-paralyzed  state  until  he  dies. 
Sometimes  this  disease  is  mistaken  for  colic  or  acute 
indigestion,  but  it  can  be  readily  distinguished  by  the 
color  of  the  urine. 

Treatment  :  At  the  first  symptom,  stop  and  blanket 
the  animal  and  let  stand  from  one  to  three  hours.  Then 
move  to  the  nearest  shelter,  keeping  the  animal  as  quiet 
and  comfortable, as  possible,  as  excitement  aggravates 


16  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

the  disease.  Give  Aloin,  two  drams ;  Ginger,  two  drams, 
in  capsule,  and  administer  with  capsule  gun.  Also,  give 
the  following  prescription:  Potassi  ISfitrate,  eight 
ounces ;  Sodii  Bicarbonate,  eight  ounces ;  Potassi  Iodide, 
one  and  one-half  ounces.  Mix  well  and  make  into  thirty- 
two  powders.  Give  one  powder  in  drinking  water  every 
four  hours,  or  in  capsule,  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 
Injections  of  soap  and  warm  water  per  rectum  are  bene- 
ficial. Immerse  a  blanket  in  hot  water  and  place  over 
loins,  then  covering  with  a  dry  blanket,  or,  if  this  is 
impossible,  apply  the  following  liniment:  Aqua  Am- 
monia Fort.,  two  ounces ;  Turpentine,  two  ounces ;  Sweet 
Oil,  four  ounces,  and  rub  in  ,like  a  shampoo  over  the 
loins.  It  may  be  necessary  to  draw  off  the  urine,  which 
is  sometimes  retained,  and  it  is  best  to  secure  the  services 
of  a  skilled  veterinarian  if  such  is  the  case.  Allow"  the 
animal  to  drink  often,  though  in  small  quantities,  of  pure 
water  with  the  chill  taken  off.  If  he  is  unable  to  stand 
on  his  feet  it  is  well, to  turn  him  from  side  to  side  every 
six  hours.  It  is  also  advisable  to  fill  bags  with  hay  and 
place  against  his  shoulders  to  prevent  him  from  lying 
flat  on  his  side,  as  this  may  cause  congestion  of  the  lungs. 
Avoid  drenching — it  is  dangerous.  Should  the  animal 
show  signs  of  uneasiness,  give  one  ounce  of  Potassi 
Bromide  in  the  drinking  water  every  four  hours  until  the 
excitement  has  subsided. 


BARRENNESS 
(Failure  to  Breed) 

Cause  :  Contraction  of  the  neck  of  the  womb,  growths 
on  or  in  the  ovaries,  Whites  or  Leucorrhea.  The  first  is 
the  only  form  of  barrenness  which  responds  readily  to 
treatment. 

Symptoms:  A  mare  may  come  in  heat  normally,  or 
stay  in  heat  continually,  or  not  come  in  heat  at  all. 

Treatment:  Wash  the  hands  in  some  antiseptic 
solution,  such  as  Carbolic  Acid  or  Bichloride  of  Mer- 


DISEASES    OF   THE   HORSE  17 

cury,  and  see  that  the  finger-nails  are  smooth.  Grease 
the  hand  and  arm  with  vaseline  and  proceed  to  dilate 
the  neck  of  the  womb.  It  may  be  difficult  at  first  to  in- 
sert the  finger,  but  the  opening  will  gradually  enlarge. 
Work  slowly  and  carefully  until  three  fingers  may  be 
inserted.  Breeding  should  follow  about  three  hours 
after  the  womb  has  been  dilated. 


BLEEDING  AFTER  CASTRATION 
If  bleeding  is  from  the  little  artery  in  the  back  portion 
of  cord,  it  will  generally  stop  of  its  own  accord,  but  if 
it  should  continue  to  bleed  for  thirty  minutes,  , throw 
clean,  cold  water  against  the  part. 

"When  bleeding  is  from  the  large  artery  in  front  of 
the  cord,  it  is  considered  dangerous.  The  artery  should 
be  tied  with  a  silk  thread  if  possible,  or  twisted  with  a 
pair  of  forceps.  Occasionally  the  artery  cannot  be 
found,  in  which  case  the  hole  in  the  scrotum  should  be 
plugged  with  a  clean  cloth  saturated  with  Tincture  of 
Iron,  which  will  clot  the  blood  and  thus  close  the  artery. 


BLOOD  POISONING 

(Septicaemia  or  Pyemia) 

Cause:  By  the  popular  term,  *' Blood  Poison,'*  is 
meant  a  state  of  constitutional  disturbance  brought  on 
by  the  entrance  of  putrid  products — usually  from  a 
wound — into  the  blood.  As  a  rule  some  pressure  or 
inoculation  is  necessary  for  the  introduction  of  poison 
into  the  circulation;  hence,  the  necessity  of  free  drain- 
age and  thorough  disinfection  of  the  wound,  and  the  only 
hopeful  cases  are  those  in  which  by  this  means  the 
supply  of  poison  may  be  cut  short. 

Symptoms:  It  is  introduced  through  any  wound  or 
abrasion,  whether  due  to  injury,  disease  or  by  an  oper- 
ation. Signs  of  septic  poison  are  heat,  pain  and 
swelling. 

Tkeatment:    It  is  necessary  to  see  that  the  wound 


18  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

has  good  drainage,  and  wash  with  Carbolic  Acid,  one 
tablespoonful  to  one  pint  of  distilled  water  or  Bichlo- 
ride of  Mercury  perhaps  is  the  best  in  an  infected  wound. 
Apply  one  part  to  one  thousand  parts  water.  Also,  give 
internally,  Potassi  Iodide,  one  ounce;  Sodii  Hyposul- 
phite, eight  ounces.  Make  into  eight  powders  and  give 
one  powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  their  drinking 
water  or  in  capsule,  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  This  is 
an  intestinal  antiseptic  which  is  very  valuable  in  the 
treatment  of  Blood  Poisoning.  Feed  soft,  laxative  food 
and  green  grass,  if  possible. 


BONE  SPAVIN 

Cause:  Sprains  of  the  hock  from  falling,  slipping, 
jumping,  pulling,  traveling  on  uneven  roads,  falling 
through  bridges,  etc. 

Since  Spavin  is  due  to  causes  which  come  into  exist- 
ence after  birth,  it  cannot  be  regarded  as  an  hereditary 
disease.  Hereditary  predisposition,  however,  is  largely 
accountable  for  its  appearance.  In  the  first  place,  the 
process  of  evolution  in  the  horse,  which  is  a  single-toed 
animal,  descended  from  a  five-toed  ancestor,  predisposes 
him  to  suffer  from  union  of  the  bones  of  the  hock,  just 
as  it  predisposes  him  to  splints.  The  weaker  the  bones 
of  the  hock  in  comparison  to  the  weight  of  the  body  the 
more  inclined  will  the  animal  naturally  be  to  contract 
Spavin. 

Symptoms:  Spasmodic  catching  up  of  the  spavined 
limb,  the  moment  the  heel  of  the  foot  touches  the  ground, 
something  after  the  manner  of  string-halt.  At  times  the 
stiffness  can  be  observed  only  when  the  animal  is  pushed 
from  one  side  of  the  stall  to  the  other.  Spavin  may 
often  be  detected  when  f iding  a  horse  down  a  steep  hill 
from  the  fact  that  he  drags  the  toe. 

The  time  of  all  others  when  a  spavined  horse  will  be 
apt  to  show  his  lameness  mil  be  the  day  following  a 
hard  day's  work,  and  when  he  makes  his  first  move  from 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  19 

the  stable  in  the  morning  is  the  proper  moment  for  ex- 
amination. Therefore,  you  should  be  prepared  to  form 
judgment  quickly  in  these  cases,  for  the  longer  the 
animal  is  trotted  up  and  down  the  less  lame  will  he 
generally  become. 

We  may  have  a  visible  sign  of  Spavin,  swelling  and 
hardness  of  the  part,  without  lameness.  If  there  be  heat 
and  tenderness  on  pressure,  lameness  will  almost  always 
be  present.  A  careful  comparison  should  be  made  of 
the  hocks. 

Tkeatment:  An  important  factor  in  treating  Spavin 
is  keeping  the  animal  quiet.  This  can  be  accomplished 
by  placing  the  animal  in  a  very  narrow  stall,  carrying 
his  feed  and  drinking  water  for  a  month  or  six  weeks, 
and  apply  the  following  ointment :  Eed  Iodide  of  Mer- 
cury, two, drams;  Pulverized  Cantharides,  three  drams; 
Turpentine,  thirty  minims;  Pine  Tar,  two  drams;  lard, 
two  ounces.  Mix  well  and  rub  in  well  for  twenty  minutes 
every  forty-eight  hours  until  three  applications  have 
been  applied.  Repeat  this  treatment  again  ia  two  weeks, 
and  grease  well  with  lard. 

To  cure  a  bone  spavin  it  is  necessary  to  unite  two  or 
more  bones  of  the  hock,  and  a  fractured  bone  cannot 
unite  if  moved  frequently.  The  same  thing  exists  in 
bone  spavin  as  in  a  fractured  bone,  only  we  have  no 
ragged  edges  like  that  of  a  fractured  bone  to  unite; 
therefore,  keep  the  animal  quiet.  The  younger  the 
animal  the  easier  the  spavin  is  to  treat,  because  the  bones 
hardened  with  age  contain  more  mineral  matter  and  less 
flexible  animal  matter.  While  treating  the  animal,  feed 
food  that  is  easily  digested. 


BOG  SPAVIN 

Cause  :  Faulty  conformation,  slipping,  falling  through 
a  bridge  or  culvert ;  large  loosely  built  draft  horses  are 
prone  to  this  blemish.  Bog  Spavin  is  hereditary,  and 
you  should,  therefore,  select  a  good  type  of  animal  for 
breeding  purposes. 


20  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

Symptoms  :  A  puffy  swelling  located  in  front  and  on 
the  inside  of  the  hock,  varying  from  the  size  of  a  walnnt 
to  that  of  a  man's  fist.  It  very  seldom  causes  lameness, 
but  is  a  serious  disfigurement  and  blemish. 

Treatment:  Treatment  is  not  satisfactory  unless 
taken  in  its  first  stages  and  when  the  animal  is  young. 
If  there  is  heat,  pain  and  swelling,  apply  cold  water  or 
ice  packs'until  the  inflammation  has  left  the  parts.  Then 
use  the  following  prescription :  Tincture  of  Iodine,  two 
ounces;  Gum  Camphor,  two  ounces;  Gasolene,  one  pint. 
Mix  and  shake  well  before  applying  with  a  nail  or  tooth 
brush  twice  a  week. 

I  may  add  that  I  have  derived  some  wonderful  results 
in  treatment  of  Bog  Spavin  with  the  above  mentioned 
prescription  in  both  young  and  old  animals,  and  per- 
haps it  will  be  well  to  use  it  on  both  .young  and  old 
animals  in  both  acute  and  chronic  forms  of  Bog  Spavin. 


BOTS 

(Gastrophilis) 
Effect  of  Bots  on  the  Health  of  Horses 

Although  the  presence  of  bots  inside  of  a  horse  can  be 
of  no  possible  advantage  to  him,  their  presence,  when 
in  small  numbers,  as  a  rule  produce  very  little  or  no  ill 
effect  in  the  horse,  but  if  their  number  be  large  they 
cannot  help  being  a  source  of  debility  and  irritation.  In 
practically  all  cases  they  produce. indigestion,  especially 
among  young  horses,  also  loss  of  condition,  colic  and 
even  death. 

Cause  :  By  the  bot  flies,  which  lay  their  eggs  during 
the  autumn  on  the  skin  and  hair  of  the  horses.  These 
eggs  on  becoming  hatched  (in  from  20  to  25  days)  pro- 
duce small  worms  which  irritate  the  skin  by  their  move- 
ments and  thus  cause  the  horse  to  lick  them  off  and  to 
take  them  into  his  mouth,  with  the  result  that  they  gain 
access  to  various  parts  of  the  intestinal  canal.    The  bot 


DISEASES    OF   THE   HORSE  21 

having  selected  its  place  of  residence,  attaches  itself  to 
the  membranes  lining  the  stomach  and  intestines,  and 
derives  its  sustenance  during  its  stay  from  the  wound 
made  by  its  hooks.  In  the  summer  the  larva,  after 
living  inside  the  horse  for  about  ten  months,  quits  its 
hold  and  is  expelled  with  the  feces.  Having  concealed 
itself  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  it  becomes  changed 
into  a  chrysalis  from  which  the  gadfly  issues  after  an 
inactive  existence  of  from  thirty  to  forty  days.  The 
female  fly  becomes  impregnated,  lays  her  eggs  on  those 
parts  of  the  horse  from  which  they  can  be  most  easily 
licked  off,  and  thus  completes  her  cycle  of  existence. 

Symptoms  :  Membranes  about  the  eyes  and  mouth  are 
very  pale,  as  though  the  animal  had  lost  a  large  quantity 
of  blood;  they  will  also  be  subject  to  colicky  attacks,  hair 
faded,  dull,  rough  appearance,  appetite  poor  and  mani- 
fests a  pot  belly. 

Prevention  :  The  best  means  of  prevention  are  spray- 
ing your  horses  with  the  following  fly  repellant :  Crude 
Carbolic  Acid,  10%;  Oil  of  Tar,  25%;  Crude  Oil,  65%. 
Mix  thoroughly.  This  prevents  the  gadfly  from  depos- 
iting her  eggs  on  the  animals. 

Treatment  :  Withhold  all  food  for  twenty-four  hours, 
then  administer  Oil  of  Turpentine,  one  ounce;  place  in 
a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Follow 
this  in  six  hours  with  a  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two 
drams ;  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in  a  gelatin  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Repeat  the  above  treatment 
in  a  week  or  ten  days  to  insure  the  expulsion  of  Bots 
that  might  have  escaped  the  first  treatment. 


BRONCHITIS 
Cause:  It  may  be  the  result  of  debility,  constitu- 
tional diseases,  inhalation  of  impure  air,  smoke,  or 
gases.  Sometimes  brought  on  by  drenching  by  the 
escape  of  liquid  into  the  windpipe;  remember,  a  horse 
cannot   breathe   through   his  mouth.     It  may   also   be 


THE   VETEKINARIAN 


22 

caused  by  sudden  cliill,  foreign  bodies  in  windpipe,  micro 

organisms,  or  it  may  be  associated  with  mEuenza,  glan- 

'"Ti'M^r  S<:;l%i-at,  loss  of  appetite   tbirst,  ani 
nial  appears  dull,  membranes  of  the  moutb,  eyes  and 
nose  are  rddened;  urine  is  scanty  and  highly  colored; 
"ugh  c  ry   and  Imsky.     After  two   or  three   days  the 


'?:s 


H.CKN.Y  STALLION  Bagthokp  Sultan,  FmsT  Intk^national  SHO^V. 
Owned  by  Henry  Fairfax  of  Virginia. 

cough  becomes  looser  and, a  frothy,  sticky  mucus  of  a 
hellish  color  is  present.  This  gradually  becomcB  Pus- 
iike,  after  which  the  animal  seems  somewhat  leheved. 
In  the  first  stages  the  pulse  is  soft  and  .^-eak,  but  fre 
quently  the  temperature  is  high,  rangmg  from  105    a. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  23 

to  106°   F. ;  the  breathing  is  quick  and  more  or  less 
difficult. 

Treatment:  Place  the  horse  in  a  clean,  comfortable, 
well  ventilated  stall,  exclude  drafts,,  blanket  if  the 
weather  is  chilly.  Also,  hand  rub  the  legs  and  bandage 
them.  Inhalations  from  steam  of  hot  water  and  Turpen- 
tine are  beneficial.  Also  administer  Chlorate  of  Potassi, 
two  ounces ;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  two  ounces ;  Tannic  Acid, 
one  ounce.  Mix  this  with  a  pint  of  black-strap  molasses 
and  give  about  one  tablespoonful  well  back  on  the  tongue 
with  a  wooden  paddle  every  six  hours.  In  severe  at- 
tacks of  Bronchitis  it  is  well  to  apply  a  liniment  consist- 
ing of  Turpentine,  Aqua-Ammonia  Fort.,  and  raw  Lin- 
seed Oil,  each  four  ounces;  mix  well  and  apply  to  the 
throat  and  down  the  windpipe  once  or  twice  a  day.  The 
animal  should  be  fed  on  soft  food,  such  as  hot  bran 
mashes,  grass,  carrots,  kale,  apples  or  steamed  rolled 
oats.  After  the  acute  symptoms  of  the  disease  disap- 
pear, give  Pulverized  Gentian  Eoot,  one  ounce;  Nux 
Vomica,  two  ounces;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  three  ounces; 
Pulverized  Fenugreek  Seed,  six  ounces.  Mix  and  give 
one  tablespoonful  three  times  a  day  in  the  feed  or  in  a 
gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with  a  capsule  gun. 


CAPPED  KNEE 

Cause  :  Bruises  from  pawing  or  striking  objects  with 
the  knee,  falling  on  the  ground,  etc.,  are  perhaps  the 
most  common  causes. 

Symptoms  :  It  may  be  a  simple  bruise,  or  it  may  be 
a  severe  wound.  There  is  always  swelling,  heat  and 
pain  present.  The  joint  becomes  stiff  and  interferes 
with  the  movement  of  the  leg.  Under  careful  treatment 
the  swelling  and  enlargement  disappear. 

Teeatment  :  Relieve  the  inflammationr  and  clean  the 
wound  by  fomenting  with  hot  water,  to  which  add  a  few 
drops  of  Carbolic  Acid.  If  the  wound  is  very  large,  trim 
off  the  ragged  edges  with  a  pair  of  scissors  and  apply 


24  THE    VETERINARIAN 

the  following :  Boracic  Acid,  two  ounces ;  lodof onn,  one 
ounce ;  Tannic  Acid,  one  ounce.  Powder  finely,  mix  and 
apply  two  or  three  times  a  day.  If  the  skin  is  not 
broken,  apply  cold  water  or  ice  packs  until  the  inflam- 
mation has  subsided;  then  use  the  following:  Tincture 
of  Iodine,  one  ounce;  Camphor,  two  ounces,  and  Gaso- 
lene, eight  ounces.  Apply  with  nail  or  toothbrush  every 
thirty-six  hours  until  the  enlargement  has  disappeared. 


CAPPED  HOCK 

Cause:  Some  horses  have  the  habit  of  rubbing  or 
striking  their  hocks  against  the  partition  of  their  stalls. 
May  also  be  produced  by  kicks  from  other  horses,  or 
hocks  may  be  bruised  by  the  singletree. 

Symptoms  :  An  enlargement  at  the  point  of  the  hock, 
which  may  run  up  along  the  tendons  and  muscles  of  the 
leg.  Repeated  injuries  cause  the  hock  to  enlarge  and 
become  flabby,  and  in  some  cases  it  contains  a  bloody 
serum  or  pus. 

Tkeatment  :  Do  not  attempt  to  lance  the  puffy  swell- 
ing on  the  point  of  the  hock,  as  you  may  produce  an  open 
joint,  which  is  very  difficult  to  treat,  and  chances  are 
that  you  would  lose  the  animal. 

The  treatment  that  I  would  recommend  is  to  find  out 
the  true  cause  and  remove  it.  When  the  puffy  swelling 
is  swollen,  hot  and  painful,  apply  cold  water  or  ice  packs. 
When  the  heat  and  pain  have  subsided  apply  the  follow- 
ing: Tincture  of  Iodine,  two  ounces;  Gum  Camphor, 
two  ounces,  dissolved  in  one  pint  of  Gasolene.  Shake 
the  contents  of  the  bottle  before  using  each  time  and 
apply  with  a  nail  or  toothbrush  every  forty-eight  hours. 
This  is  very  penetrating  and  will  remove  the  enlargement 
or  absorb  fluids  that  might  have  accumulated  from  ths(' 
result  of  the  bruise. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    HORSE  25 

CHOKING 

This  term  applies  to  obstruction  of  the  gullet  as  well 
as  that  of  the  windpipe.X 

Cause  :  Too  rapid  eating,  by  which  pieces  of  carrots 
or  other  roots,  or  a  quantity  of  dry  food  become  lodged 
in  the  gullet.  Although  obstructions  of  the  windpipe 
caused  while  drenching,  or  food  entering  the  lungs,  will 
kill  an  animal  in  a  very  short  time,  obstructions  in  the 
gullet  may  not  prove  fatal  for  several  days. 

Teeatment:  No  time  should  be  lost  in  attempting 
to  remove  the  obstruction  from  the  gullet.  It  may  be 
dislodged  by  gently  manipulating  the  gullet.  If  unsuc- 
cessful in  dislodging  the  obstruction  in  this  manner, 
secure  the  services  of  a  competent  veterinarian.  He 
will  use  a  probang,  an  instrument  made  for  this  pur- 
pose, or  inject  Sweet  or  Olive  Oil  into  the  gullet  with 
a  hypodermic  syringe,  or  give  hj^odermic  injections  of 
Arecoline.  In  administering  drenches  with  the  object 
of  dislodging  obstructions  in  the  gullet,  you  must  re- 
member that  the  liquids  used  are  apt  to  go  the  wrong 
way,  that  is  to  say,  enter  the  lungs,  and  give  rise  to  lung 
complications,  as  lung  fever,  bronchitis,  etc.  Obstruc- 
tions of  solid  substance  in  the  windpipe  generally  cause 
death  very  shortly.  When  liquids  enter  the  lungs,  death 
is  not  so  apt  to  occur,  as  the  animal  may  live  several 
days,  and  sometimes  even  get  well.  They  should  be 
treated  the  same  as  for  lung  fever. 


CRACKED  HEELS 

Cause:  There  is  little  doubt  in  my  mind  that  am- 
monia, which  is  so  plentifully  found  in  ill-kept  stables, 
is  the  chief  cause  of  cracked  heels.  The  action  of  am- 
monia on  the  skin  renders  it  soft  and  pulpy,  and  dimin- 
ishes its  strength  by  separating  the  layers  of  which  it 
is  composed. 

Symptoms  :  When  inflammation  is  set  up  in  the  part, 
the  secretion  of  natural  oil  is  interfered  with  and  cracks 


26  THE    VETERINARIAN 

usually  occur  in  the  place  where  the  skin  becomes 
wrinkled  when  the  pastern  joint  is  bent.  The  discharge 
from  cracked  heels  has  an  offensive  smell.  In  early 
stages  there  is  extreme  heat  and  swelling,  there  is  pain 
and  lameness,  which  usually  disappear  as  the  case 
becomes  chronic. 

Treatment:  Keep  the  affected  parts  clean  as  pos- 
sible, if  there  is  extreme  inflammation  present.  Apply 
hot  poultice  made  from  bran  or  flaxseed  meal.  When 
the  inflammation  subsides,  apply  Zinc  Ointment  twice 
daily.  Before  applying  each  application  of  ointment, 
wash  with  Warm  Water  and  Castile  Soap.  Feed  carrots, 
green  grass,  if  possible,  also  hot  bran  mashes  or  steam 
rolled  oats  each  morning.  Sometimes  it  is  well  to  give 
a  physic,  and  I  would  recommend  Aloin,  one  and  one-half 
drams;  Ginger,  two  drams.  A  physic  has  very  good 
effect  in  reducing  the  swelling  of  the  legs. 


COFFIN-JOINT    LAMENESS 

(Navicular  Disease) 

Cause:  Driving  young  animals  on  hard  roads.  Al- 
ways found  in  the  front  feet,  owing  no  doubt  to  the  fact 
the  front  feet  support  largely  the  weight  of  the  body. 

Symptoms:  The  symptoms  are  very  hard  to  detect. 
As  a  rule  the  animal  will  point  the  affected  foot  when 
at  rest  even  before  there  is  any  lameness  present.  While 
at  work  he  apparently  goes  sound,  but  when  placed  in 
the  stable,  or  when  stopped  on  hard  ground,  one  foot 
will  be  set  out  in  front  of  the  other  and  resting  on  the 
toe.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  animal  takes  a  few  lame 
steps  and  then  goes  well  again.  Again  he  may  be  lame 
for  a  day,  or  he  may  leave  the  stable  in  the  morning 
apparently  well  and  sound  and  go  lame  during  the  day. 
In  the  course  of  time  he  will  develop  a  severe  case  of 
lameness,  which  may  last  for  five  or  six  days.  These 
spells  are  intermittent  and  finally  he  becomes  perma- 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  27 

nently  lame,  and  the  more  he  is  driven  the  greater  the 
lameness,  and  he  steps  short,  wears  the  toe  of  the  shoe, 
stumbles,  falls  on  his  knees  when  the  road  is  rough. 
Sometimes  both  front  feet  are  affected  and  the  shoulders 
will  be  stiff.  When  put  to  work  he  sweats  from  pain; 
there  will  be  extreme  heat  about  the  foot,  and  he  will 
flinch  from  pressure. 

Comparatively  few  recoveries  are  made  from  this  dis- 
ease. 

Tkeatment:  First  remove  the  shoe.  If  the  fdot  is 
inflamed,  poultice  with  hot  bran  or  flaxseed  meal. 
After  the  inflammation  disappears,  clean  the  foot  well, 
clip  the  hair  from  around  the  top  of  the  hoof  and  use 
the  following :  Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams ;  Pul- 
verized Oantharides,  four  drams;  Turpentine,  thirty 
drops  5  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  well  and  apply  every 
forty-eight  hours,  rubbing  in  well  for  twenty  minutes 
each  time.  After  three  or  four  applications  have  been 
applied,  turn  the  animal  out  to  pasture.  Repeat  this 
treatment  again  in  a  month  or  so.  Animals  affected 
with  this  disease  should  be  put  to  slow  and  easy  work 
on  soft  ground,  and  carefully  shod.  This  disease  is  un- 
satisfactorily treated  and  only  a  few  cases  recover  when 
the  best  care  is  taken. 


CORNS 

Cause:  Dry  feet,  increased  pressure  from  ill  fitting 
shoes,  or  high  heeled  shoes,  which  tend  to  contract  the 
heels  and  produce  corns.  Wide  flat  feet  are  predisposed 
to  bruises  which  terminate  in  corns. 

Symptoms:  Lameness,  or  as  the  old  saying  goes, 
' '  The  animal  will  go  tenderf  ooted. ' '  When  standing  the 
animal  is  generally  very  restless,  they  paw  their  bedding 
behind  them  at  night.  Tapping  or  pressure  on  the  foot 
will  assist  in  locating  a  corn. 

Treatment  :    Discover  the  true  cause  of  the  corn  and 


28  THE   VETERINARIAN 

remove  it  if  possible.  Take  a^^-ay  all  pressure  from  over 
the  corn  and  turn  the  animal  out  in  some  damp  pasture. 
If  this  cannot  be  done,  put  on  a  flat  "bar"  shoe  packing 
the  sole  of  the  foot  with  Pine  Tar  and  Oakum ;  then  place 
a  leather  between  the  foot  and  shoe.    Repeat  this  appli- 


Clydesdale  Stallion  Sir  Everard  (5353). 
Sire  of  Famous  Baron's  Pride  (9122)    who  earned  *30«,000.00  in  the  Stud, 
^ho  Sired  Baron  O'Buehlyvie,  who  was  sold  *«  f^^.OOO.OO, 
Highest  Price  ever  paid  for  a  Draft  StalliUn. 

cation  every  two  weeks,  as  this  will  keep  the  sole  soft 
and  flexible,  and  with  proper  shoeing  your  ammal  will 

be  relieved  of  corns.  ■  .     ,       j- 

Frequently  coffin-joint  lameness  or  navicular  disease 

is  mistaken  for  corns. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  29 

CONSTIPATION 

Cause  :  Indigestible  foods,  irregular  feeding,  lack  of, 
or  too  much,  exercise,  insufficient  secretion  of  digestive 
materials,  strictures,  ruptures,  paralysis,  worms,  folding 
and  t^\dsting  of  the  intestines,  which  frequently  occurs 
in  old  age. 

Symptoms  :  The  animal  cannot  expel  the  contents  of 
the  intestines,  which  frequently  causes  colicky  pains. 
Death  from  this  form  of  constipation  is  generally  due 
to  rupture  of  the  intestines,  when  due  to  indigestible 
foods  or  irregular  feeding.  Lack  of,  or  too  much,  exer- 
cise seldom  produces  death,  although  the  animal  may  not 
pass  any  fecal  matter  for  a  week. 

Treatment:  Give  a  capsule  containing  Aloin,  two 
drams,  and  Pulverized  Ginger,  two  drams,  every  eighteen 
hours  until  the  animal  has  a  movement  of  the  bowels. 
Then  give  the  following  tonic :  Pulverized  Nux  Vomica, 
two  ounces;  Pulverized  Gentian  Root,  two  ounces;  Pul- 
verized Fenugreek  Seed,  four  ounces.  Mix  well  and  give 
one  tablespoonful  in  feed  three  times  a  day.  If  the 
animal  refuses  to  eat  it  in  the  feed,  place  one  tablespoon- 
ful in  gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with  capsule  gun. 
This  will  stimulate  the  worm-like  movement  of  the  bowels 
and  strengthen  the  heart  action. 

Give  the  animal  all  the  water  it  will  drink.  If  the 
water  is  cold,  take  the  chill  oif  by  warming  or  adding 
warm  water.  If  the  animal  will  eat,  feed  food  that  is 
easily  digested,  such  as  grass,  carrots,  turnips,  potatoes 
and  apples,  but  do  not  feed  too  large  a  quantity  at  one 
time.  Hot  bran  mashes  or  steamed  rolled  oats  are  very 
nourishing  and  easily  digested.  Rectal  injections  of 
Soap  and  Turpentine  in  small  quantities,  added  to  warm 
water,  are  very  beneficial,  and  I  would  recommend  their 
use.  It  is  advisable  to  elevate  the  animaPs  hind  parts 
when  giving  rectal  injections,  as  compelling  the  animal 
to  stand  with  its  head  lower  than  its  hind  parts  will 
cause  the  animal  to  retain  the  injection  much  longer, 
consequently  it  does  its  intended  work  much  better. 


30  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

If  due  to  worms,  fast  the  animal  for  twenty-four  hours 
and  give  Barbadoes  Aloes,  three  drams ;  Calomel,  one 
dram;  Ferri  Sulphate,  two  drams;  Antimony  Tartrate, 
two  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  cap- 
sule gun.  This  dose  should  be  repeated  in  ten  days  to 
insure  the  expulsion  of  newly  hatched  worms. 


COLD 

(Nasal  Catarrh) 

Cause:  Atmospheric  changes  common  in  the  spring 
and  fall ;  animal  allowed  to  chill  when  standing  in  a  draft, 
or  driven  when  the  system  is  in  a  poor  condition.  It  is 
also  produced  by  inhaling  irritating  gases,  smoke, 
r  drenching  through  the  nose,  dusty  hay  or  grain  that 
contains  infectious  matter. 

Symptoms  :  Animal  is  stupid,  does  not  take  food  very 
freely,  hair  stands  and  looks  dusty,  throat  becomes  sore, 
pulse  is  not  greatly  affected.  There  may  be  a  slight  rise 
of  temperature,  say  101°  F.  to  103*=^  F.  After  a  day  or 
two  there  will  be  a  discharge  of  mucus  from  the  nostrils 
which  may  be  offensive  to  the  smell.  There  is  generally 
an  increased  flow  of  urine.  The  breathing  is  not  much 
affected. 

Teeatment:  Make  the  animal  as  comfortable  as  pos- 
sible by  placing  in  a  clean  stall  with  pure  air,  but  avoid 
drafts.  Blanket  if  the  weather  is  chilly  and  give  the  fol- 
lowing prescription:  Chloride  of  Potash,  two  ounces; 
Nitrate  of  Potash,  four  ounces.  Mix  these  well  in  a  pint 
of  Pine  Tar  and  place  about  one  tablespoonf ul  of  the 
mixture  as  far  back  on  the  tongue  as  possible  every  six 
hours.  Relief  is  very  certain  if  this  treatment  is  given 
in  the  first  stages.  If  not  it  will  become  chronic  and  ter- 
minate into  nasal  gleet,  or  lung  complications. 


COUGH 

(Acute  and  Chronic) 
As  a  cough  is  a  symptom  of  various  diseases,  these  in 
addition  to  the  cough  should  be  treated. 


DISEASES    OF   THE   HORSE  31 

Kinds  of  Cough:  Many  writers  give  several  dif- 
ferent varieties,  but  for  sake  of  convenience  I  will  divide 
them  into  two  forms,  namely:    Acute  and  Chronic. 

Cause:  Acute  Coughs  are  generally  due  to  sudden 
exposure  to  cold,  drafts  and  are  the  forerunning  symptom 
of  a  disease  of  the  organs  of  breathing. 

Chronic  Coughs  are  associated  with,  and  often  a  result 
of,  sore  throat,  lung  fever,  pleurisy,  bronchitis,  broken 
wind,  influenza,  nasal  gleet,  catarrh,  glanders,  heaves  and 
distemper. 

Tkeatment:  Under  each  disease  of  which  a  cough  is 
a  symptom,  I  have  also  prescribed  to  include  its  sup- 
pression. The  following  prescription  is  reasonable  in 
price,  yet  very  effective  in  all  forms  of  cough:  Tannic 
Acid,  one  ounce;  Potassi  Chlorate,  four  ounces;  Potassi 
Nitrate,  four  ounces.  Powder  well  and  mix  with  Black 
Strap  Molasses,  one  pint;  placing  container  retaining 
the  above  in  hot  water  assists  in  dissolving.  When  this 
is  thoroughly  mixed  add  Pine  Tar  one  pint,  and  place 
one  tablespoonful  well  back  on  the  tongue  with  a  wooden 
paddle  every  three  or  four  hours,  according  to  the 
severity  of  the  cough. 

Sometimes  a  liniment  applied  to  the  throat  and  wind- 
pipe has  a  good  effect,  and  I  would  recommend  the  fol- 
lowing on  account  of  its  penetrating  qualities:  Aqua 
Ammonia  Fort.,  two  ounces;  Turpentine,  two  ounces; 
Raw  Linseed  Oil,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  apply  twice 
daily,  shaking  the  contents  of  the  bottle  well  before 
using. 


COLT  CONSTIPATION 

'• 

Cause:  Improper  digestion  of  its  mother's  milk,  es- 
pecially when  overheated  or  not  allowed  to  nurse  enough. 

Symptoms  :  The  colt  appears  stupid ;  does  not  care  to 
move  about,  but  lies  flat  on  either  side  and  shows  signs 
of  great  pain. 


32  THE    VETEKINARIAN 

Tbeatment:  Give  two  tablespoonfuls  of  Cascara  Sa- 
grada.  Great  care  must  be  exercised  in  administering  the 
medicine  to  place  it  well  back  on  the  tongue ;  do  not  hold 
the  nose  high  or  some  of  the  liquid  may  enter  the  lungs ; 
it  is  much  better  to  waste  some  of  the  medicine.  One 
of  the  most  important  factors  in  the  treatment  of  Colt 
Constipation  is  rectal  injections;  they  relieve  tempera- 
ture, gases,  and  pain,  promoting  the  worm-like  action 
of  the  bowels  and  liquefying  their  contents. 


COLT  DIARRHOEA 

Cause:  Specific  infection,  the  action  of  which  is  fa- 
vored by  insanitary  conditions,  irregular  feeding,  or  per- 
mitting the  colt  to  nurse  w^hen  the  mother  is  overheated 
or  out  of  condition. 

Symptoms:  Frequent  watery  discharges,  sometimes 
tinged  with  blood,  and  as  the  disease  progresses  the  colt 
shows  signs  of  great  pain.  If  not  treated  promptly,  the 
disease  will  terminate  fatally  in  the  course  of  six  or 
ten  days. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  exact  cause,  if  possible, 
and  remove  it.  If  the  colt  has  not  been  weaned,  atten- 
tion should  at  once  be  given  the  mare,  and  if  anything 
is  wrong  with  her,  it  may  be  best  to  take  the  little 
patient  away  from  its  mother  and  feed  it  on  cow's  milk 
sweetened  with  sugar.  Give  two  tablespoonfuls  of  Cas- 
tor Oil  on  the  tongue ;  this  will  remove  the  irritant  within 
the  bowels.  The  following  prescription  is  a  very  reli- 
able remedy:  Protan,  three  ounces;  Pulv.  Ginger,  four 
drams;  jZinc  Sulphocarbolates,  four  grains.  Mix  and 
make  into  twelve  powders;  give  one  powder  on  the 
tongue  every  four  hours,  effecting  a  cure  within  a  few 
days.  Do  not  pull  the  tongue,  or  hold  the  head  too  high. 
Permit  the  animal  to  swallow  slowly.  Eemember  that 
sanitary  surroundings  are  essential  in  the  treatment  of 
all  diseases. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HOESE  33 

CURB 

Cause:  Faulty  conformation  of  the  hind  legs;  that 
is  to  say,  if  an  animal  has  crooked  legs,  a  slight  sprain 
from  slipping  or  jumping  will  produce  Curb.  In  cases 
where  an  animal  has  well  proportioned  limbs,  and  is 
afflicted  with  Curb,  it  is  caused  by  a  rupture  of  the  small 
ligament  or  cord  situated  just  back  of  the  hock. 

Symptoms:  A  swelling  will  be  noticed  on  the  back 
part  of  the  hock.  At  first  the  animal  is  lame  and  the 
enlargement  is  hot  and  painful.  After  a  few  days'  rest 
the  inflammation  will  partially  subside  and  the  enlarge- 
ment can  be  plainly  seen.  When  the  animal  is  walked 
about  he  may  be  very  lame  at  the  start,  but  this  will  dis- 
appear as  he  is  moved. 

Tkeatment  :  When  the  Curb  is  hot  and  painful,  it  is 
well  to  apply  ice  packs  or  cold  water  to  the  part.  When 
the  inflammation  subsides,  apply  Eed  Iodide  of  Mercury, 
two  drams ;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  and  rub  in  well  for 
twenty  minutes;  repeat  every  forty-eight  hours  until 
three  applications  are  applied.  If  the  Curb  is  of  long 
standing  it  is  more  difficult  to  treat,  in  which  case  the 
above  treatment  should  be  repeated  again  in  two  or  three 
months.  Do  not  use  the  animal  in  drawing  heavy  loads, 
or  drive  on  slippery  roads,  for  six  months.  Give  the 
blister  time  to  strengthen  the  ruptured  tendons.  A  high- 
heeled   shoe  is  often  valuable   in   relieving  tendons   of 

their  tension.  

DIARRHCEA 

Cause  :  Sudden  change  of  food,  frozen  food,  soft  food, 
unwholesome  food,  stagnant  water,  or  drinking  large 
quantities  of  water  at  one  time,  purgative  medicines,  or 
it  may  be  associated  with  blood  diseases,  lung  and  in- 
testinal affections,  or  produced  by  micro-organisms. 
Many  horses,  parti^ilarly  slack  loined,  slight,  ''washy'' 
animals,  purge  if  worked  or  excited,  as  may  be  observed 
among  race  horses  when  taken  to  a  race  course.  Diar- 
rhoea may  also  be  due  to  worms,  or  it  may  be  merely 

3 


34 


THE    YETEEINAEIAN 


DISEASES    OF   THE   HOKSE  35 

an  effort  on  the  part  of  nature  to  expel  some  irritant 
matter  from  the  bowels  or  from  the  blood,  in  which  case 
it  should  on  no  account  be  prematurely  checked. 

Symptoms:  Frequent  loose  evacuations  of  the  intes- 
tines, with  or  without  pronounced  abdominal  pain;  gen- 
erally, loss  of  appetite,  animal  looks  gaunt  and  the  hair 
rough. 

Treatment:  Keep  the  animal  quiet,  comfortably 
stabled  and  warmly  blanketed.  Give  pure  water  to 
drink,  often,  but  in  small  quantities.  If  the  animal  will 
eat,  feed  moderately  on  clean  food,  as  rolled"  oats  and 
dry  bran.  Also,  give  the  following  prescription:  Pro- 
tan,  three  ounces;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  ten.  grains; 
Creosote,  one  dram ;  Powdered  Ginger,  two  ounces ;  Pow- 
dered Gum  Catechu,  six  drams;  Powdered  Gum  Cam- 
phor, one-half  dram.  Mix  and  iiaake  eight  powders. 
Place  one  powder  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  cap- 
sule gun,  or  the  same  sized  dose  dissolved  in  a  pint  of 
water  and  used  as  a  drench.  However,  be  very  careful 
when  drenching  an  animal.  It  is  dangerous.  This  pre- 
scription will  not  only  check  the  diarrhoea,  but  will  tone 
the  muscular  fibres  of  the  intestines  which  aid  in  throw- 
ing off  these  irritant  matters  from  the  system.  If  the 
horse  shows  colicky  pains,  administer  the  same  treat- 
ment as  that  recommended  for  colic.  It  is  '^ell  to  give 
the  following  treatment  in  the  convalescing  stages  of 
diarrhoea :  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces ;  Ferri  Sul- 
phate, four  ounces ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces ;  Pulv. 
Fenugreek  Seed,  eight  ounces.  Mix  and  give  one  heap- 
ing tablespoonful  three  times  daily  in  feed.  This  facili- 
tates digestion  by  stimulating  the  flow  of  gastric  juices. 


DISTEMPER 

Cause  :  Distemper  is  placed  among  the  germ  diseases, 
and  is  produced  by  the  Streptococcus  of  Schutz.  It  is 
contagious  and  a  number  of  animals  in  the  same  stable 
may  become  affected  at  the  same  time.    It  is  supposed 


36  THE    VETERINARIAN 

to  attack  an  animal  but  once,  but  it  may  be  contracted  h 
second  time.     May  occur  at  any  time  of  the  year. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  will  first  appear  dull,  and 
show  loss  of  appetite,  and  the  hair  will  look  dull  and 
rough.  There  will  be  a  watery  discharge  from  the  nose, 
and  in  a  day  or  so  a  lump  will  appear  between  the  jaws ; 
the  animal  keeps  his  head  in  a  peculiar  position;  saliva 
runs  from  its  mouth ;  the  pulse  will  be  a  little  faster  than 
normal.  The  breathing  will  become  more  rapid  and  the 
lump  between  the  jaws  will  get  larger.  This  lump,  or 
tumor,  may  form  in  other  parts  of  the  body,  on  the 
shoulder,  in  the  groin,  lungs  or  intestines.  It  usually 
causes  death  if  it  cannot  be  absorbed.  This  is  called 
irregular  distemper.  A  determined  effort  should  be 
made  to  draw  the  lump,  or  tumor,  to  a  head  as  soon  as 
possible.  , 

Treatment:  Place  the  horse  in  a  clean,  well-ven- 
tilated and  lighted  stall,  excluding  all  drafts,  blanket  the 
animal,  hand  rub  the  legs  and  bandage  them ;  give  inha- 
lations of  steam  from  Hot  Water  and  Turpentine.  A 
good  method  for  heating  water  for  this  purpose  is  to 
place  hot  stones  or  bricks  in  the  water  and  Turpentine. 
This  will  relieve  the  hard  breathing.  Remember  a  horse 
cannot  breathe  through  his  mouth,  therefore^  liquid 
drenches  are  dangerous.  A  paste  made  from  Potassi 
Chlorate,  two  ounces ;  Potassi  Nitrate,  two  ounces,  dis- 
solved in  a  pint  of  warm  molasses  and  given  well  back 
on  the  tongue  in  tablespoonful  doses  every  two  or  three 
hours  is  very  beneficial.  A  liniment  made  from  equal 
parts  of  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  Turpentine  and  Sweet  Oil 
should  be  applied  every  morning  over  the  enlargement 
that  appears  in  the  region  of  the  throat.  If  the  enlarge- 
ment fails  to  come  to  a  head,  secure  the  services  of  an 
accomplished  veterinarian,  who  will  use  a  clean  instru- 
ment for  lancing  purposes. 

After  an  attack  of  distemper  your  horse  is  generally 
run  down  in  condition.     Give  the  following:     Potassi 


DISEASES    OF   THE    HORSE  37 

Nitrate,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces; 
Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  eight  ounces.  Make  into  thirty-two 
powders  and  give  one  powder  three  times  daily  in  feed. 


DROPSY 

(Of  the  Belly,  Chesty  Sheath,  Udder  and  Legs) 

Cause:  Poor  circulation;  kidneys  not  working  prop- 
erly ;  lack  of  exercise ;  diseases  of  the  lungs,  liver,  heart, 
w^omb  or  sheath.  Mares  heavy  Avith  foal  often  have 
dropsical  swellings. 

Symptoms:  Swelling  seldom  contains  fluid,  although 
sometimes  a  sticky  serum  oozes  through  the  skin;  fin- 
gers pressed  against  the  swollen  parts  leave  impressions. 

Treatment:  Avoid  giving  physics  in  this  condition 
when  possible,  especially  to  mares  with  foal.  Feed  laxa- 
tive food,  as  hot  bran  mashes,  green  grass,  carrots,  pota- 
toes, etc. ;  also  the  following  mixture :  Potassi  Iodide, 
two  ounces;  Potassi  Nitrate,  four  ounces;  Chloride  of 
Potash,  two  ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  sixteen  powders. 
Place  one  powder  in  their  drinking  w^ater  three  times  a 
day.  Exercise  the  animal  as  much  as  possible  and  you 
will  derive  good  results  from  this  treatment  within  a 
week  or  so. 

I  may  add  that  in  the  above  affection  it  is  a  bad  prac- 
tice to  apply  hot  applications,  as  the  chances  are  it  would 
produce  a  sloughing  of  the  skin. 


ECZEMA 
*  Cause:  Anything  that  interferes  with  the  healthy 
action  of  the  skin,  as  checked  sweating,  irritation  from 
dirty  blankets  or  harness,  or  from  accumulation  of  dirt 
on  the  skin  through  want  of  grooming,  errors  in  feed- 
ing, overheat,  or  by  infection.  In  some  cases  the  cause 
seems  to  be  constitutional ;  in  others,  local.  Though  the 
disease  is  not  parasitic  in  character,  it  is  probable  that 
when  once  contracted  the  diseased  parts  may  be  become* 
infected. 


38  THE    VETERINAKIAN 

Symptoms:  Slight  dryness  and  eruptions  that  may 
affect  the  head,  ears,  neck,  shoulders,  flanks,  inside  of 
thighs  and  root  of  the  tail,  followed  by  vesicles  or  pim- 
ples which  burst  and  discharge,  or  the  contents  may  be 
absorbed.  The  animal  will  rub  against  the  stall,  manger, 
or  any  other  object  he  can  reach,  until  the  parts  are  very 
sore,  or  if  worked,  he  will  rub  himself  violently  when 
unharnessed. 

Treatment;  Give  Fowler's  Solution  of  Arsenic,  one 
tablespoonful  morning  and  night  on  their  feed ;  also  give 
a  physic  consisting  of  two  drams  of  Aloin  and  two  drams 
of  Pulverized  Ginger  in  gelatin  capsule.  Give  at  one 
dose.  One  physic  is  all  that  is  necessary  to  cool  out  the 
blood,  which  will  assist  materially  in  treating  Eczema. 
Also,  apply  Zinc  Ointment  twice  daily  over  the  vesicles 
or  pimples  which  will  appear  on  the  skin.  Also,  feed 
easily  digested  food  if  possible,  such  as  carrots,  apples, 
grass,  hot  bran  mashes  and  steamed  rolled  oats,  and  keep 
the  animal  clean  and  groom  carefully  with  clean  combs 

and  brushes.  

EYE  DISEASES 

Conjunctivitis,  or  Inflammation  of  the  superficial 
structure  of  the  eye. 

Cause  :  Direct  or  indirect  injury  to  the  eye,  as  a  blow 
from  a  whip,  dust,  sand  or  chaff  in  the  eye,  or  it  may  be 
due  to  extreme  cold,  heat,  or  foul  air. 

Inflammation  of  the  Membrane  of  Nictitans 

The  membrane  of  nictation  is  an  accessory  eyelid 
common  to  all  domestic  animals,  the  purpose  of  which 
is  to  remove  foreign  substances  from  the  eye  in  much 
the  same  manner  as  we  use  the  hand. 

Symptoms:  Conjunctivitis  and  inflammation  of  the 
membranes  of  nictitans  are  veiy  much  the  same.  A  par- 
tial or  complete  closure  of  the  eye,  and  a  watery  dis- 
♦charge  due  to  overstimulation  of  the  lachrymal  glands, 
the  fluid  being  secreted  so  abundantly  that  it  is  impos- 


DISEASES    OF    THE   HORSE  39 

sible  for  the  tear  duct  to  carry  it  away ;  hence,  there  will 
be  a  continuous  overflow  of  tears  down  the  horse's  face. 
The  formation  of  a  film  or  scum  over  the  eye  need  not 
cause  alarm  if  the  eye  shows  no  sign  of  puncture. 

Treatment:  Examine  the  eye  carefully  and  remove 
any  foreign  body  with  clean  cloth  or  feather  and  apply 
the  following :  Yellow  Oxide  of  Mercury,  three  grains ; 
Lanolin,  one  ounce.  Mix  well  together  and  apply  to  the 
eye  three  or  four  times  daily.  Avoid  the  use  of  liquid 
medicines,  as  they  are  hard  to  apply,  and  the  animal 
throws  them  out  by  shaking  the  head. 


FISTULOUS  WITHERS 

Cause  :  Fistulous  Withers  are  seen  mostly  in  horses 
that  have  a  thick  neck  as  well  as  those  that  are  very 
high  in  the  withers,  or  among  saddle  horses,  those  that 
are  very  low  on  the  withers,  the  saddle  here  riding 
forward  and  bruising  the  parts.  They  are  often  caused 
by  ill-fitting  collars  or  saddles,  by  direct  injury  from 
blows,  and  from  the  horse  rolling  upon  rough,  sharp 
stones.  In  this  location,  the  ulcer  of  the  skin  or  a  sim- 
ple abscess,  if  not  properly  and  punctually  treated,  may 
terminate  into  Fistula.  The  pus  burrows  and  finds 
lodgment  deep  down  between  the  muscles,  and  escapes 
only  when  the  sinuses  become  surcharged  when,  during 
motion  of  the  muscles,  the  pus  is  forced  to  the  surface. 

Symptoms:  These  of  course  will  vary  according  to 
the  progress  made  by  the  Fistula.  Following  an  injury 
we  may  often  notice  soreness  or  stiffness  of  the  front 
legs,  and  upon  careful  examination  of  the  withers  we 
will  see  small  tortuous  lines  running  from  the  point  of 
irritation  downwards  and  backwards  over  the  region  of 
the  shoulder.  The  stiffness  of  the  limbs  may  disappear 
at  this  time,  and  heat  and  soreness  of  the  parts  may  be- 
come less  noticeable,  but  the  swelling  of  the  shoulders 
continues  to  enlarge.  The  swelling  may  often  have  the 
form  of  a  running  ulcer,  or  its  contents  may  dry  up  and 


40  THE    VETERINARIAN 

leave  a  tumor,  which  gradually  develops  the  common 
characteristic  of  a  fistulous  tumor.  When  the  enlarge- 
ment has  an  opening,  we  should  carefully  examine  the 
pus  cavity,  as  upon  this  condition  will  wholly  depend  our 
treatment. 

Treatment  :  Keep  the  animal  as  quiet  as  possible,  as 
any  movements  of  the  limbs  cause  the  pus  to  spread 
between  the  lines  of  the  muscles  and  form  larger  ab- 
scesses or  tumors.  When  the  bone  becomes  diseased,  it 
is  very  difficult  to  effect  a  cure,  especially  where  the  pus 
burrows  back  of  the  Scapula  (Shoulder  Blade).  In  case 
the  abscess  is  newly  formed,  and  close  to  the  surface, 
syringing  out  with  a  solution  made  from  Bichloride  of 
Mercury,  five  grains  to  one  ounce  of  water,  generally 
causes  the  white  fibrous  tissue  to  slough  away  and  the 
parts  to  heal  rapidly.  If  the  abscess  is  deep,  ^nd  the 
bones  become  diseased,  the  pus  will  have  a  very  offensive 
odor,  and  I  would  recommend  the  services  of  a  compe- 
tent Veterinarian  to  remove  all  diseased  portions   of 

bone  or  muscle.  

FILARIAE 
(Thread-like  Worm) 

Cause:  Drinking  stagnant  water,^  or  eating  hay  gath- 
ered from  swamps  or  marshy  land.  When  full  grown, 
the  worm  measures  from  two  to  six  inches  in  length ;  the 
tail  is  more  or  less  curved.  They  are  found  in  the  lung 
cavity,  the  heart  sac,  and  the  intestinal  cavity,  from 
which  they  sometimes  descend  into  the  sac  containing 
the  testicles.  Animals  said  to  have  a  snake  in  the  eye 
have  been  exhibited  as  curiosities ;  in  all  cases  the  simu- 
lated snake  was  nothing  more  than  the  Filariae. 

Symptoms:  Colicky  spells;  poor  appetite,  indiges- 
tion, pot-belly,  rough  coat ;  swelling  of  the  sheath,  legs, 
and  the  lower  surface  of  the  belly. 

Treatment:  Prevention  is  the  only  treatment,  for 
when  the  worms  once  enter  the  digestive  canal,  it  is 
impossible  to  remove  them. 


DISEASES    OF    THE   HORSE  41 

FOUNDER 

Cause:  Overeating  or  drinking — in  fact,  any  irrita- 
tion of  the  stomach  or  intestines  is  liable  to  be  followed 
by  Founder,  owing  to  the  similarity  in  the  sensitive 
structure  of  the  foot,  skin,  and  mucous  membranes. 
Horses  with  weak  feet  are  predisposed  to  Founder,  but 
it  may  also  occur  in  strong-footed  animals.  Founder  is 
also  produced  by  driving  an  animal  on  a  hot  summer  day 
and  then  placing  in  the  stable  where  the  sweat  is  sud- 
denly checked  by  drafts,  etc. 

Symptoms:  The  horse  is  stiff,  and  moves  with  great 
difficulty;  he  will  generally,  though  not  always,  remain 
standing.  Throws  weight  upon  the  heel  of  the  foot  to 
relieve  the  toe,  and  if  an  effort  is  made  to  back  him  he 
wdll  drag  his  feet.  Excessive  heat  is  present  at  the  top 
of  the  hoof,  and  a  throbbing  of  the  arteries  may  be  felt 
When  the  fore  feet  only  are  affected,  the  horse  will  re- 
lieve them  of  as  much  weight  as  possible  when  walking 
by  placing  the  hind  feet  well  under  the  body,  which 
results  in  a  peculiar  jumping  motion.  Founder  may  oc- 
cur in  all  four  feet,  but  the  fore  feet  are  more  often 
affected  than  the  hind  ones.  Mares  sometimes  founder 
after  giving  birth  to  a  colt,  due  to  inflammation  of  the 
w^omb ;  symptoms  correspond  to  those  of  common  Foun- 
der. Founder  may  be  mistaken  for  disease  of  the  lungs 
or  kidneys,  owing  to  the  standing  position  and  arched 
back.  Veterinarians  have  been  known  to  mistake  it  for 
lung  fever ;  tlie  services  of  such  men  are  dangerous  and 
should  be  avoided. 

Treatment  :  In  all  cases  of  Founder,  administer  Po- 
tassi  Iodide,  one  ounce ;  Soda  Bicarbonate,  four  ounces ; 
Potassi  Nitrate,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  give  one  table- 
spoonful  in  drinking  water  every  six  hours.  If  the 
animal  will  not  take  it  in  its  water,  place  in  gelatin  cap- 
sule and  give  with  capsule  gun. 

Find  out  the  true  cause  of  the  disease,  if  possible,  and 
perhaps   a  physic  will  be  indicated,  containing  Aloin, 


42  THE    VETERINARIAN 

two  drams;  Ginger,  two  drams;  place  it  in  a  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.  If  desired  results  are  not 
obtained  in  eighteen  hours,  repeat  the  dose  until  there 
is  an  action  of  the  bowels.  Founder  following  excessive 
irritation  of  the  stomach  and  intestines,  or  mares  heavy 
with  foal,  should  not  receive  physics.  Feed  food  that 
is  easily  digested,  as  carrots,  kale,  apples,  potatoes,  hot 
bran  mashes,  or  steamed  rolled  oats,  etc. 

It  is  well  to  elevate  the  hind  quarters  and  give  rectal 
injections  of  Warm  Water  and  Glycerine.  Stand  in 
mud  or  water,  or  apply  bags  containing  mud,  bran  or 
ice;  in  fact,  anything  that  will  have  a  cool,  moist  effect 
on  th^  feet. 

After  the  inflammation  of  the  feet  has  subsided,  and 
the  animal  walks  fairly  well,  you  should  apply  a  blister 
containing  Eed  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams ;  Lard,  two 
ounces,  around  the  top  of  the  hoofs,  and  rub  in  well 
twice  forty-eight  hours  apart.  In  some  cases  of  Foun- 
der it  is  recommended  to  bleed  the  animal  in  the  foot. 
If  this  is  attempted,  good  disinfectants  should  be  used, 
as  lock-jaw  might  follow. 


. GALLS 

Cause:  Injuries  from  ill-fitting  collars,  saddles,  har- 
ness, hobbles  and  scalping-boots. 

Treatment  :  Remove  the  cause.  Never  wash  a  Gall 
with  water,  as  this  prevents  its  healing,  nor  use  oils  or 
salves,  as  they  accumulate  dirt,  dust  and  germs,  Avhich 
may  cause  infection.  The  following  application  makes 
a  very  valuable  dressing  for  Galls:  Boracic  Acid,  one 
ounce;  Corn  Starch,  one  ounce;  Tannic  Acid,  one-half 
ounce ;  Iodoform,  one  dram.  Powder  finely  and  place  in 
sifter-top  can.  Dust  on  Gall  before  going  to  work  and 
on  retiring.  This  heals  and  refreshes  the  Galls  and 
wounds  by  forming  a  smooth  surface  over  the  part,  w^hich 
permits  it  to  heal  while  the  horse  works. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  43 

GREASE  HEEL 

Cause:     Parasitic  fungi  invading  cracked  heels. 

Symptoms:  Offensive  discharge  from  the  glands  un- 
der the  skin,  and  if  not  properly  treated,  red  spots  will 
appear,  and  the  yellow  discharge  will  form  a  hard  crust 
sticking  to  the  roots  of  the  hair. 

Tkeatment:  Cleanliness  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant measures.  Also,  good  nourishing  food.  If  the  skin 
is  swollen  and  tender,  poultice  with  hot  Flaxseed  Meal  or 
bran.  After  the  swelling  and  tenderness  have  abated, 
wash  well  with  good  Castile  Soap  and  Warm  Water. 
Dry  with  clean  cloth  and  apply  the  following  mixture: 
Calomel,  one  dram ;  Iodoform,  one  dram ;  Boracic  Acid, 
one  ounce.  Mix  well  and  apply  two  to  three  times  a  day. 
Feed  green  grass,  carrots,  kale,  apples,  or  potatoes  if 
possible,  also  feed  hot  bran  mashes.  In  all  cases  of 
Grease  Heel  give  the  following  physic:  Aloin,  two 
drams ;  Pulv.  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in  a  capsule  and 
give  with  capsule  gun.  A  physic  has  a  very  good  effect 
on  the  blood,  which  assists  materially  in  healing  the 
cracks  and  nodules  that  appear  in  Grease  Heel. 


GLANDERS    OR   FARCY 

Cause:  Due  to  a  specific  germ  called  the  Bacillus 
Malleii,  or  Bacillus  of  Glanders.  Glanders,  or  Farcy,  is 
very  contagious,  and  is  transmissible  to  man  as  well  as 
animals.  Cattle  and  sheep  alone  are  immune.  The  dis- 
ease may  be  contracted  at  watering  troughs,  stables, 
horseshoeing  shops,  in  boats,  trains  and  by  harness,  bits, 
curry  ^mbs,  bedding,  pails,  etc.,  as  well  as  by  direct  con- 
tact with  a  diseased  animal. 

Symptoms  :  Animal  does  not  thrive  although  the  ap- 
petite is  good  at  times ;  loss  of  flesh,  and  is  subject^  to 
sweats,  the  hair  looks  rough,  the  temperature  increasing 
slightly,  perhaps  two  degrees,  a  cough  is  generally 
present.  Legs  and  abdomen  are  s^vollen;  discharge 
from  the  nose,  sometimes  tinged  with  blood  and  very 


44  THE    VETERINARIAN 

sticky  the  membranes  of  the  nose  look  dusty,  and  ulcers 
or  spots  are  visible  if  closely  examined.  The  glands 
under  the  back  of  the  ears  and  between  the  jaws  are 
hard,  lumpy  and  swollen.  ^    ^    ^. 

In  addition  to  the  above  s^nnptoms.  Farcy  affects  the 
skin  by  producing  swellings,  or  nodules,  varymg  from 


Belgian   Stallion   Belvedere,   First  Prize  Winner. 
Owned  by  Crawford  &  Griffin,  Newton,  Iowa.         # 

the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  hickory  nut  (called  Farcy 
buds,  or  Farcy  buttons),  which  are  found  inside  of  the 
hind  legs  under  the  abdomen,  on  the  side  of  the  chest, 
shoulder  and  neck,  also  around  the  nose,  lips  and  face. 
Generally  there  is  a  discharge  of  greenish-yellow  pus, 
which  is  very  sticky. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  45 

Glanders,  or  Farcy,  may  be  mistaken  for  nasal  catarrh, 
nasal  gleet,  ulcerated  teeth,  nettle  rash,  lymphangitis, 
distemper,  etc.  Fortunately,  this  dreaded  disease  is  not 
very  prevalent  in  this  country,  as  every  precaution  has 
been  taken  to  stamp  it  out. 

No  Tkeatment:  If  at  any  time  you  have  reason  to 
think  one  of  your  animals  has  the  disease,  or  even  a 
neighbor's,  or  a  transient  horse,  exhibits  the  symptoms, 
it  is  your  duty  to  report  the  fact  to  the  State  Veterina- 
rian at  once.  You  will  do  this  if  you  have  your  own 
welfare  and  that  of  your  neighborhood  at  heart. 


HEAVES 
(Emphysema  of  the  Lungs) 

Cause:  Fast  or  heavy  work.  It  may  follow  Lung 
Fever  or  Pleurisy,  or  the  animal  may  inherit  weakness 
in  the  walls  of  the  air-cells  of  the  lungs.  A  very  com- 
mon cause  is  feeding  dusty  or  dirty  hay,  or  bulky  food. 
Horses  that  are  accustomed  to  eating  ravenously  are 
often  victims  of  Heaves. 

Symptoms:  Disease  may  develop  slowly  or  rapidly. 
When  the  animal  is  at  rest,  the  air  is  taken  into  the  lungs 
in  a  more  or  less  normal  manner,  but  is  expelled  by  two 
distinct  efforts,  the  abdominal  muscles  aiding  the  lungs 
in  expiration,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  heaving  of  the 
flank ;  the  movement  of  the  ribs  in  breathing  is  scarcely 
noticeable  in  a  heavy  horse.  A  healthy  animal,  when  at 
rest,  will  throw  the  air  from  the  lungs  in  a  single  effort. 
The  difficulty  in  breathing  is  constant  and  increases  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  of  food  in  the  stomach  and 
intestines.  At  the  beginning  of  the  attack  there  is  a 
spasmodic  cough,  Avhich  is  more  or  less  intermittent; 
this  develops  later  into  a  short,  weak,  suppressed  cough, 
as  if  the  animal  lacked  strength  in  his  chest  to  expel  a 
full  breath,  often  accompanied  by  expulsion  of  wind 
from  the  anus,  which  is  somewhat  protruded. 

Treatment  :     Feed  good,  nourishing  food,  but  nothing 


46  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

that  is  of  a  bulky  nature.  Feed  more  grain  and  less 
hay,  which  should  be  dampened  with  water  if  dusty.  Do 
not  feed  dusty,  musty  or  bulky  food,  but  give  plenty  of 
potatoes,  apples,  kale  and  green  grass.  Have  your  drug- 
gist make  you  up  one  quart  of  Fowler's  Solution  of 
Arsenic,  omitting  the  Tincture  of  Lavender.  This  is 
soothing  to  the  organs  of  breathing,  and  should  be  given 
two  tablespoonfuls  three  times  a  day  on  the  feed.  After 
a  week  or  ten  days  you  might  increase  the  dose  slightly. 
Although  this  will  make  the  horse  work  much  better,  do 
not  give  it  with  the  hope  of  effecting  a  complete  cure, 
as  very  few  cases  recover  fully  from  this  disease. 


HORSE  DENTISTRY 

This  is  a  very  important  branch  of  Veterinary  Science, 
although,  if  I  were  to  go  into  detail  on  the  subject,  it 
would  require  the  writing  of  an  individual  volume.  This 
science  requires  considerable  practice.  The  price  of  spe- 
cial costly  instruments  would  prohibit  the  average  stock- 
man from  doing  his  own  dentistry. 

My  advice  is  to  secure  nothing  but  the  services  of  a 
qualified  Veterinarian,  who  has  had  privileges  of  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  Veterinary  Science. 

The  art  of  animal  dentistry  has  been  abused  by  the 
owners  of  stock  allowing  the  services  of  irresponsible 
men  in  the  veterinary  profession,  who  do  not  look  to  the 
betterment  of  the  animaPs  condition.  The  owner  of  the 
animal,  not  being  able  to  see  the  condition  of  the  animaPs 
teeth  for  himself,  is  persuaded  into  having  the  animaPs 
teeth  worked  on  regardless  of  whether  it  is  needed  or 
not.  The  quack  or  transient  Veterinarian  will  pull  and 
crack  healthy,  sound  teeth,  and  also  lacerate  the  poor 
animaPs  mouth.  Be  sure  the  Veterinarian  employed  for 
this  purpose  is  competent. 


•DISEASES    OF   THE   HORSE  47 

INFLUENZA 
(Pink  Eye — Epizootic  Catarrh) 

Cause:  Influenza  is  a  specific  and  infectious  fever, 
which  shows  a  marked  tendency  to  rapidly  spread  over  a 
large  area  of  country.  It  generally  appears  suddenly, 
without  preliminary  symptoms,  and  may  become  fully 
developed  in  twenty-four  hours. 

Symptoms:  The  usual  symptoms  are  those  of  Ca- 
tarrh, although  the  bowels,  lungs  and  brain  complica- 
tions may  be  present,  either  singly  or  combined.  It 
always  gives  rise  to  great  weakness.  The  distinguish- 
ing characteristics  of  Influenza  from  Distemper,  Sore 
Throat,  and  other  diseases  affecting  the  organs  of 
breathing,  are  the  suddenness  of  the  attack,  rise  of  tem- 
perature, varying  from  103°  F.  to  106°  F.,  pulse  feeble 
and  fast,  and  a  pinkish,  swollen  appearance  of  the  in- 
side of  the  eyelids.  The  animal  is  dull,  in  some  cases 
almost  unconscious.  Sometimes  the  legs  are  very  stiff 
and  swollen,  and  there  is  great  difficulty  in  moving  about. 

Treatment  :  Place  the  affected  animal  in  a  clean,  well 
ventilated  stall,  avoid  drafts,  give  pure  water  to  drink 
with  chill  taken  off,  in  small  quantities  but  often. 
Blanket  if  the  weather  is  chilly,  hand  rub  the  legs  and 
bandage,  give  Quinine,  two  drams,  in  a  gelatin  capsule 
with  capsule  gun  every  four  hours.  In  addition  to  the 
above,  administer  the  treatment  recommended  for  Acute 
and  Chronic  Coughs. 

Feed  good,  nutritious  food  that  has  a  laxative  effect 
on  the  bowels,  as  it  is  dangerous  to  give  horses  physic 
with  this  disease.  Hot  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats 
and  vegetables  are  very  beneficial. 


LAMPAS 

Cause  :  In  young  horses  it  is  commonly  caused  by  cut- 
ting teeth.  In  older  animals  it  is  usually  due  to  indi- 
gestion. 

Symptoms:  A  puffy  swelling  and  redness  of  the 
gums.     The  animal  may  have  difficulty  in  eating. 


48  THE^VETERINAKIAN 

Treatment:  In  young  animals,  when  cutting  teeth, 
let  nature  take  its  course,  but  when  an  animal  is  five 
years  or  over,  place  two  drams  of  Aloin,  and  two  drams 
of  Pulv.  Ginger,  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with 
capsule  gun.  Then  tone  up  the  digestive  organs  by  mix- 
ing one  ounce  of  Pulv.  Gentian  Eoot,  one  ounce  of  Pulv. 
Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces  of  Bicarbonate  of  Soda.  Make 
into  eight  powders  and  give  one  powder  in  feed  twice 
daily,  or  place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with 
capsule  gun. 


LEECHES 

(Hcemopis) 

The  leeches  which  suck  the  blood  of  the  horse  may  be 
divided  into  two  classes,  the  external  parasites  which 
attach  themselves,  to  the  skin  of  the  legs  and  adjacent 
parts  of  the  horse,  and  the  Hsemopis  Sang-uisuga,  and 
others  of  this  class,  which,  not  being  able  to  penetrate 
the  skin,  endeavor  to  enter  the  mouth  or  nostrils  of  the 
horse  when  he  is  drinking  or  grazing  in  wet  and 
leech-infected  pastures.  They  sometimes  cling  to  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  eyes.  The  horse  leech,  which 
lives  in  the  water,  usually  gains  access  to  the  mouth  and 
nostrils  of  the  animal,  when  young  and  not  more  than 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  long.  They  rarely  go  beyond  the 
air  and  food  passages,  generally  fastening  themselves 
to  the  walls  of  the  windpipe  and  gullet,  where  they  cling 
till  the  animal  dies  from  loss  of  blood  or  suffocation. 
They  often  cause  bleeding  from  the  mouth  and  nostrils, 
and  may  be  seen  by  close  examination. 

Treatment:  Endeavor  to  build  up  the  condition  of 
the  animal  with  suitable  food.  Also  feed  liberal  quan- 
tities of  stock  salt.  Where  the  leeches  cling  tightly  to 
the  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  and  nostrils,  it  is 
well  to  cause  the  horse  to  inhale  the  vapor  from  hot 
water  containing  turpentine. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    HORSE  49 

LOCK-JAW 
(Tetanus) 

Cause  :  The  bacilli  of  Tetanus  are  widely  distributed 
and  can  be  found  in  practically  every  part  of  the  globe. 
Their  favorite  place  of  production,  however,  is  in  barn 
yards  and  marshy  ground.  They  are  frequently  swal- 
lowed by  stock  along  with  forage,  and  can  often  be  found 
in  recently  expelled  feces.  The  most  favorable  temper- 
ature for  their  development  is  about  70°  F.  They  act 
by  means  of  extremely  virulent  poisons  which  they  pro- 
duce, and  which  causes  the  terrible  symptoms  that  are 
characteristic  of  the  disease. 

Symptoms  :  The  muscles  of  expression  are  usually 
the  first  brought  under  the  continual  spasm  of  tetanus, 
and  when  thus  affected  give  the  face  of  the  animal  a 
pinched  and  drawn-in  appearance.  The  other  muscles 
of  the  head  and  those  of  the  neck  are  next  attacked.  The 
mouth  is  closed,  the  nose  poked  out,  the  head  elevated. 
The  muscles  of  breathing,  and  those  of  the  limbs,  be- 
come contracted  so  that  the  neck  is  hollowed,  and  the 
tail  is  raised,  the  horse  stands  with  outstretched  limbs. 
The  animal  shows  great  stiffness  or  rigidity  in  attempted 
movements.  The  eyes  are  sunken,  and  when  startled 
or  excited,  the  breathing  is  quickened  and  the  flanks 
have  a  wrinkled  or  corrugated  appearance.  Death  may 
quickly  occur  from  continuous  spasms  of  the  muscles  of 
the  throat.  Another  sign  is  the  flying  up  of  the  accessory 
eyelid  when  the  animal  is  excited. 

Treatment  :  If  noticed  in  its  first  stages,  and  if  the 
animal  is  able  to  eat,  secure  the  services  of  an  accom- 
plished Veterinarian  and  insist  on  the  use  of  fresh  vac- 
cine. This  disease  is  almost  impossible  to  cure,  and 
about  ninety  per  cent  die. 


50  THE   VETEEINAEIAN 

LUNG  FEVER 

(Pneumonia) 

Cause  :  Predisposition  is  largely  aeeoniitable  for  this 
disease,  whicli  is  more  common  to  young  horses  than 
old;  also,  changes  of  temperature,  introduction  of  for- 
eign bodies  or  liquids  into  the  trachea  (windpipe)  and 
the  bronchial  tubes,  inhalation  of  smoke  or  irritating 
gases,  excitement,  exposure  to  cold  after  clipping,  turn- 
ing out  to  pasture  from  a  warm  stable,  or  injury  to  chest 
or  ribs  from  being  struck  with  a  pole,  etc. 

Symptoms  :  Dullness  in  spirit ;  animal  usually  shivers 
or  trembles ;  when  this  ceases  the  temperature  rises  to 
perhaps  103°  to  106°  F.,  pulse  increases  to  sixty  or 
ninety  per  minute,  full  and  bounding;  breathing  short 
and  labored  and  abnormally  quick,  increasing  to  per- 
haps fifty  inspirations  per  minute,  whereas  in  health  it 
does  not  exceed  twelve  or  thirteen  per  minute.  A  cough 
is  also  likely  to  be  present,  and  the  animals  remain  stand- 
ing until  they  are  on  the  road  to  recovery,  or  until  death 
takes  place.  Other  symptoms  are  constipation,  feces 
covered  with  mucus  or  slime ;  urination  frequent,  scanty 
and  dark  in  color;  appetite  poor,  but  thirst  great;  the 
eyes  look  glassy  and  the  membranes  have  an  inflamed 
appearance.  It  is  a  good  sign  if  the  animal  looks  about 
freely.  When  the  critical  stage  is  past  the  temperature 
and  pulse  gradually  fall,  the  appetite  returns*  and  the 
urine  becomes  more  abundant,  and  takes  on  its  natural 
color,  the  cough  loosens,  and  the  discharge  from  the 
lungs  is  profuse,  and  of  a  yellowish  color,  and  the 
breathing  becomes  normal. 

Tkeatment:  Good  care  is  of  the  utmost  importance. 
Place  the  horse  in  a  comfortable,  well  ventilated  stall, 
being  careful  to  exclude  drafts.  Hand  rub  and  bandage 
the  legs  with  woolen  cloth.  Blanket  the  animal,  give 
plenty  of  bedding  and  keep  pure  water  before  him  at 
all  times.  Internally  administer  Quinine,  two  ounces; 
Iodide  of  Ammonia,  two  ounces;  Ammonia  Bicarbonate, 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  51 

t>vo  ounces.  Mix  well  and  make  into  sixteen  powders. 
Place  powder  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 
gun  every  four  hours.  It  is  quite  necessary  that  the 
above  remedy  should  be  placed  in  capsule,  as  drugs  of 
this  nature  tend  to  irritate  the  throat.  Do  not  give 
physics,  as  it  is  much  safer  to  give  laxative  food,  as  hot 
bran  mashes,  steam  rolled  oats  or  some  vegetables,  in 
fact  anything  the  animal  will  eat,  i.  e.,  that  has  food 
values.  It  is  advisable  to  apply  over  the  chest  the  fol- 
lowing liniment;  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four  ounces; 
Turpentine,  four  ounces ;  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  four  ounces. 
Mix  and  shake  well  before  applying  each  time  over  the 
chest  cavity. 

In  case  the  animal  is  constipated,  give  rectal  injec- 
tions of  soap  and  warm  water  containing  a  few  drops  of 

Turpentine.  

MANGE 
(Scabies) 

Cause:  Mange  is  a  contagious  disease,  produced  by 
the  presence  of  a  small  parasite  that  varies  in  length 
from  a  fiftieth  to  a  hundredth  of  an  inch,  according  to 
the  species,  of  which  there  are  three :  Sarcoptes,  which 
generally  affects  the  withers;  Symbiotes  Communis,  af- 
fecting the  •  legs,  and  the  Psoroptes  Communis,  which 
affects  horses  about  the  root  of  the  tail  and  mane.  The 
latter  is  the  one  most  commonly  found  affecting  horses. 
They  multiply  rapidly  and  are  spread  from  diseased  to 
healthy  horses  by  their  bodies  coming  in  contact  with 
one  another,  or  by  corrals,  stables,  railroad  cars,  etc., 
recently  occupied  by  mangy  horses. 

Symptoms  :  The  mange  mite  attacks  the  skin  and  pro- 
duces a  thickness  of  its  outer  surface,  covering  it  with 
crusts  and  scabs,  with  a  consequent  loss  of  hair.  In- 
tense itching  accompanies  the  disease,  and  affected 
horses  continually  bite  and  rub  themselves. 

Psoroptic  Mange  commences  at  the  root  of  the  tail, 
or  at  the  root§  of  the  mane  on  the  neck  or  withers,  and 


52  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

gradually  spreads  over  the  back,  up  to  the  head,  over 
the  sides,  and  finally  affects  the  entire  body.  In  cases  qf 
long  standing  the  skin  becomes  ulcerated,  the  animal 
becomes  greatly  weakened,  emaciated  and  finally  dies. 
Treatment:  When  a  large  number  of  horses  are 
affected  (in  one  locality)  it  is  best  to  prepare  a  vat  and 
dip  them,  under  the  supervision  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  When  just  a  few  horses 
become  affected,  the  following  has  proven  very  effective : 
Sulphur,  eight  ounces;  Oil  of  Tar,  eight  ounces;  Sweet 
Oil,  two  quarts.  Mix  and  apply  liberally  to  the  parts 
affected.  A  few  applications  are  generally  sufiicient  to 
eradicate  the  disease. 


MONDAY  MORNING  DISEASE 

(Lymphangitis) 

Cause:  This  ailment  is  common  with  hard  working 
horses,  and  is  caused  by  confining  them  in  the  stable  and 
allowing  their  usual  amount  of  food.  More  nutriment  is 
consumed  than  can  be  taken  up  by  the  system,  which 
causes  an  irritation.  It-  is  frequently  found  in  certain 
stables  on  Monday  morning,  hence  its  name — ^Monday 
Morning  Drsease. 

Symptoms  :  Swelling  and  lameness,  most,  usually  af- 
fecting the  hind  leg  inside  of  the  thigh  and  extending 
down  the  leg  in  a  hard  ridge.  It  will  pit  on  pressure, 
and  cause  intense  pain;  the  horse  will  have  difficulty  in 
extending  the  limb  forward,  the  swelling  may  surround 
the  leg  entirely.  Pulse  will  be  fifty  to  sixty  per  minute, 
temperature  102°  to  104°  F.,  breathing  will  be  faster 
than  normal.  The  animal  has  great  thirst,  but  the  appe- 
tite is  very  poor;  usually  remains  standing;  if  he  lies 
down  will  have  great  difficulty  in  getting  up. 

Treatment:  In  this  particular  disease  apply  hot 
fomentations  to  the  affected  limb  or  limbs,  for  one  hour, 
then  rub  dry  and  apply  Camphorated  Liniment.     Give 


DISEASES    OP   THE   HORSE  53 

Nitrate  Potassi,  Chlorate  of  Potassi,  Iodide  Polassi, 
each  four  ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  thirty-two  i)o\v- 
ders.  Give  one  powder  three  times  a  day  in  drinking 
water  or  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 
gun. 

In  most  cases  it  is  advisable  to  give  a  physic :  Aloin, 
two  drams;  Pulv.  Gentian  Eoot,  one  dram;  Ginger,  one 
dram.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 
gun. 


MUD  FEVER 

Cause:  Horses  driven  over  muddy  roads  during  the 
day  and  exposed  to  freezing  weather  at  night,  or  driving 
them  over  muddy  roads,  then  washing  the  limbs  and  not 
drying  them  properly,  often  produces  a  superficial  in- 
flammation of  the  legs. 

Symptoms:  The  legs  are  swollen,  extremely  hot  and 
tender,  the  horse  is  stiff,  the  hair  comes  off  the  legs  easily 
and  if  the  cause  is  not  removed  severe  complication  may 
follow,  as  the  secretions  of  the  skin  become  greatly  af- 
fected. 

Treatment:  Prevention.  Horses  that  are  driven 
over  muddy,  wet  roads  should  have  their  legs  rubbed  dry 
when  stabling  them  for  any  length  of  time.  When  the 
legs  are  badly  swollen  wash  them  with  clean  warm  water 
and  castile  soap  and  dry  them  well  with  a  clean  soft  cloth. 
Then  apply  Zinc  Oxide  Ointment  or  a  lotion  made  from 
Acetate  of  Lead,  one  ounce;  Zinc  Sulphate,  one-half 
ounce.  Place  in  a  quart  of  clean  water  and  apply  twice 
daily.  Either  application  is  very  beneficial  in  the  treat- 
ment of  Mud  Fever.  Feed  the  animal  wheat  bran  mashes, 
steamed  rolled  oats,  vegetables,  etc.,  as  they  have- a  very 
good  effect  on  the  system  which  aids  in  relieving  the  in- 
flammation of  the  skin. 


54  THE    VETERINARIAN 

NASAL  GLEET 
(Chronic  Catarrh) 

Cause:  Exposure  to  cold  followed  by  neglect,  and 
lack  of  nourishing  food;  bruise  or  fracture  of  the  frontal 
bones  of  the  head;  injury  of  the  blood-vessels  inside  the 
bones,  or  an  ulcerated  tpoth.  May  also  be  caused  by 
tumor,  or  foreign  substance  or  liquids  in  the  nasal  cavi- 
ties. Sometimes  dried  pus  in  the  nostrils,  resulting  from 
a  cold,  will  cause  nasal  gleet. 

Symptoms  :  A  white  or  yellowish  discharge  from  one 
or  both  of  the  nostrils,  the  quantity  varying  with  the 
severity  of  the  attack  and  the  length  of  time  the  disease 
has  been  established.  If,  when  tapping  over  the  nose 
below  the  eye,  a  dull  sound  is  produced,  it  is  safe  to  con- 
clude that  the  cavities  are  filled  with  pus ;  to  make  certain, 
compare  the  sick  animal  with  a  healthy  one;  in  some 
cases  you  will  notice  that  even  the  bones  of  the  nose  below 
the  eye  are  slightly  elevated.  The  lining  of  the  nose  may 
be  of  a  red  or  yellow  color  but  not  ulcerated  in  spots,  as 
in  Glanders.  The  animal  may  continue  in  pretty  good 
spirits  and  work  well  for  a  time  but  as  the  case  develops 
he  becomes  lean  in  flesh  and  what  is  termed  hide-boun9. 
Always  examine  the  teeth.  In  a  case  of  long  standing, 
the  discharge  has  a  fetid  smell,  differing  in  this  respect 
also  from  Glanders. 

Treatment  :  If  not  due  to  fractured  bones  of  the  head 
or  ulcerated  teeth,  the  animal  will,  in  most  cases,  recover 
with  proper  medical  treatment.  When  due  to  injury  to 
the  bones  of  the  head,  tumors,  ulcerated  teeth  or  dried 
pus  in  the  nasaV  cavities,  it  is  best  to  secure  the  services 
of  a  skillful  Veterinarian,  one  whose  professional  knowl- 
edge renders  him  thoroughly  competent.  In  the  mild 
forms  of  nasal-gleet  or  chronic  catarrh,  administer  the 
following:  Ferri  Sulphate,  Potassi  Iodide,  Nux  Vomica, 
each  four  ounces.  Mix  well  and  make  into  thirty-two 
capsules.  Give  one  capsule  three  times  daily  and  feed 
food  that  is  nourishing  and  easily  digested. 


DISEASES    OF    THE   HORSE  55 

NAVEL  STRING  INFECTION 
(Umbilical  Pyemia) 

Cause  and  Natuke:  While  the  unborn  foal  (foetus) 
is  in  the  womb  of  its  mother,  it  is  surrounded  by  envelop- 
ing membranes  which  constitute  the  after-birth  on  deliv- 
ery. These  membranes  are  attached  to  the  wall  of  the 
womb  and  are  connected  to  the  foetus  by  means  of  the 
navel-string  (umbilical  cord)  which  is  provided  with  two 
arteries  and  a  vein  for  the  nourishment  of  the  young 
creature  and  for  the  removal  of  its  waste  products. 

It  also  has  a  narrow  canal  (the  urachus)  which  serves 
to  remove  the  urine  of  the  foetus ;  in  fact  the  subsequent- 
ly formed  bladder  takes  its  origin  from  a  dilation  of  the 
urachus.  Under  normal  conditions  when  the  foal  is  born, 
respiration  takes  place,  the  umbilical  arteries  and  veins 
become  quickly  blocked  up,  urine  is  discharged  through 
the  urethra  (which  communicates  with  the  penis  or  va- 
gina, as  the  case  may  be),  the  foal  enjoys  a  separate 
existence  and  the  wound  caused  by  the  division  of  the 
umbilical  cord  leaves  a  scar  which  is  known  as  the  navel. 

It  is  usually  supposed  that  the  germ  of  navel-string 
infection  gains  admittance  into  the  body  through  the  ex- 
posed surface  before  the  wound  is  closed.  However,  I 
am  of  the  opinion  that  the  mother  is  the  bearer  of  the 
infection  in  a  great  many  cases  for  in  the  uterine  secre- 
tions of  mares  whose  foals  fell  with  navel-string  infec- 
tion, the  same  characteristic  germs  were  found  as  were 
present  in  the  joints  of  the  affected  foals.  The  infec- 
tious material  is,  by  the  act  of  covering,  conveyed  from 
mare  to  mare,  so  that  the  mucous  membranes  of  the 
womb  becomes  the  habitat  of  the  specific  germ.  By  in- 
oculation of  these  germs  into  the  blood  stream  of  foals  an 
illness  is  produced  which  in  the  smallest  particular  can- 
not be  distinguished  from  that  arising  in  naturally  af- 
fected foals.  It  is  a  strange  fact  that  when  the  infected 
germs  are  transmitted  by  the  mother,  their  presence  does 
not  produce  any  disturbance  in  her. 


56 


THE   VETEKINARIAN 


DISEASES    OF   THE   HORSE  57 

This  is  a  very  common  malady  in  most  places.  I  have 
known  several  instances  on  particular  farms  where  they 
were  unable  to  raise  either  foals  or  calves,  but  if  the 
mother  were  removed  to  another  farm  immediately  after 
or  before  foaling,  the  foal  or  calf  lived  and  was  reared 
without  difficulty,  and  although  constitutional  debility 
plays  an  important  part,  the  presence  of  specific  germs 
constituting  an  infected  area  is,  I  believe,  the  most  im- 
portant factor  in  producing  this  disease. 

According  to  my  observation,  about  seventy-five  per 
cent  of  the  cases  die  within  the  first  three  weeks  after 
birth.  This  high  rate  of  mortality  would  be  considerably 
diminished  if  proper  treatment  was  adopted. 

Symptoms:  The  attack  usually  comes  on  during  the 
second  or  third  week  after  birth  and  almost  always  be- 
fore the  closure  of  the  navel  opening,  which,  in  affected 
animals,  will  be  found  to  be  in  a  wet  and  suppurating 
condition.  Occasionally  foals  two  or  three  months  old 
which  have  the  urachus  closed  and  are  in  an  apparently 
healthy  condition  contract  this  disease  in  a  form  of  pain- 
ful swelling  of  the  joints.  The  first  symptoms  are  gen- 
erally dullness;  more  or  less  fever;  lameness  which  is 
often  attributed  to  rheumatism  or  to  injury  caused  by 
the  mare  treading  on  the  foal ;  the  disinclination  to  move 
or  even  to  stand.  Upon  examination  the  patient  w^ill  be 
found  to  have  a  soft,  gelatinous  swelling  of  one  or  more  of 
the  joints  of  which  the  hock,  elbow,  fetlock,  stifle  and  hip 
usually  manifest  the  enlargement  most  clearly. 

These  swellings  are  hot  and  painful  to  the  touch ;  they 
tend  to  suppurate  and  frequently  cause  intense  lameness. 
In  very  rare  cases  open  urachus  may  exist  without  any 
joint  inflammation.  In  this  disease,  inflammation  of  the 
joints  and  open  urachus  are  almost  always  co-existent. 

Animals  that  recover  from  a  bad  attack  are  seldom 
worth  the  trouble  of  rearing,  because  as  a  rule  their  con- 
stitution becomes  permanently  impaired  and  one  or  more 
of  their  joints  becomes  stiffened  by  the  attack. 


58  THE   VETERINARIAN 

Teeatment  :  In  the  treatment  of  this  disease,  we  have 
to  attend  to  constitutional  disturbances,  inflamed  joints, 
open  urachus  and  complications  such  as  constipation  and 
diarrhoea.  The  comfort  of  our  little  patient  must  be 
studied  under  all  circumstances.  If  the  weather  be  at  all 
cold  it  should  be  covered  by  a  warm  sheet.  Should  the 
foal  have  any  difficulty  in  rising  from  the  recumbent 
position,  an  attendant  should  assist  it  to  rise  and  see  that 
it  is  regularly  fed.  It  is  only  in  extreme  cases  that  the 
animal  refuses  to  suck  its  dam.  During  warm  weather, 
and  especially  if  the  ground  is  dry,  such  a  patient  is  al- 
ways better  off  for  a  little  sunshine,  but  on  no  account 
must  it  be  left  out  during  extreme  heat,  as  in  this  state 
it  is  very  liable  to  sunstroke.  The  best  food  for  the 
mare  is  grass,  which,  during  the  day,  she  can  generally 
have.  The  inflamed  joints  of  the  foal  should  be  rubbed 
lightly  with  the  following,  after  being  thoroughly  mixed : 
Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams ;  Vaseline,  two  ounces, 
every  forty-eight  hours,  which,  when  applied  to  the  skin, 
appears  to^have  a  well-marked  antiseptic  action  on  the 
underlying  tissues.  An  inflamed  joint  should  on  no  ac- 
count be  bathed  with  warm  water,  fomented  or  poulticed 
because  the  application  of  moist  heat  would  be  the  best 
possible  means  for  promoting  the  development  of  the  in- 
fective germs  which  are  the  cause  of  the  local  and  gen- 
eral disturbance.  The  open  navel-string  should  not  be 
ligatured  because  that  operation  is  generally  followed  by 
an  increased  inflammation  of  the  part,  and  by  an  aggrava- 
tion of  the  other  symptoms  apparently  on  account  of  this 
outlet  for  deleterious  products  becoming  blocked  up.  If 
the  navel-string  has  been  ligatured  and  is  in  an  inflamed 
state,  the  ligature  should  be  removed  without  delay.  If 
the  foal  is  constipated  give  two  to  three  ounces  of  Castor 
Oil;  also,  administer  the  following:  Zinc  Sulphocarbo- 
lates,  one-half  dram ;  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  four  ounces. 
Mix  and  make  into  thirty-two  powders.  Give  one  powder 
well  back  on  the  tongue  every  four  hours. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    HORSE  59 

As  a  supplement  to  the  food,  we  may  give  brown  sugar 
or  treacle,  both  of  w^hieh  are  easily  digested  and  are  very 
nourishing.  Four  or  five  eggs  daily  will  also  aid  in  keep- 
ing up  the  strength.  

NAVEL  RUPTURE 
(Umbilical  Hernia) 

Cause:  Hereditary  predisposition  is  well  marked  in 
this  complaint.  It  may  exist  at  birth,  but  so-called  con- 
genital rupture  may  very  probably  be  the  result  of  the 
pulling  which  the  navel-string  underwent  at  the  time  of 
foaling.  However,  umbilical  hernia  usually  occurs  during 
the  first  two  or  three  months  after  birth ;  that  is  to  say, 
while  the  opening  at  the  navel  is  becoming  obliterated  and 
the  tissues  at  that  place  are  becoming  consolidated.  They 
can,  however,  appear  later  and  may  result  from  more  or 
less  violent  strains  sustained  when  the  foals  are  jumping 
or  playing.  At  other  times  these  strains  are  induced  by 
intestinal  irritation  accompanied  by  diarrhoea  or  consti- 
pation with  straining.  But,  however  the  strain  may 
take  place,  the  abdominal  muscles  contract  and  push  the 
intestines  towards  the  wall  of  the  belly.  Then  if  they 
find  an  opening  or  even  a  weak  spot,  like  the  ring  of  the 
navel  while  it  is  undergoing  the  process  of  becoming 
blocked  up,  they  select  it  and  a  rupture  is  produced. 

Symptoms:  This  rupture,  the  situation  of  which 
clearly  shows  its  character,  may  vary  in  size  from  that 
of  a  hen's  egg  to  that  of  an  ostrich's  egg.  If  pressed 
upon  with  the  hand,  especially  if  the  animal  is  placed  on 
its  back,  the  rupture  will  disappear,  to  return,  however, 
when  the  pressure  is  removed.  If  it  be  composed  of  in- 
testines it  will  be  soft  and  elastic  when  the  bowels  are 
empty,  but  when  they  are  full  of  semi-solid  food  they 
will  be  doughy.  In  any  event,  the  tumor  will  feel  elastic 
when  composed  of  intestines,  but  when  formed  of  its  con- 
necting membranes,  will  naturally  not  vary  in  consist- 
ence. If  intestines  be  present,  movements  and  ab- 
dominal rumblings  may  be  detected  in  it.    This  rupture 


60  THE    VETERINARIAN 

rarely  gives  rise  to  serious  consequences  because  its 
contents  are  composed  of  large  intestines  and  omentum, 
either  of  which  is,  in  this  position,  not  liable  to  become 
strangulated.  It  may,  however,  become  engorged  and 
inflamed  from  injury.  Its  existence  naturally  depreciates 
the  value  of  an  animal  suffering  from  it. 

Treatment  :  In  the  majority  of  cases,  they  will  dis- 
appear with  their  own  accord  in  two  or  three  months.  In 
case  the  rupture  shows  no  signs  of  diminishing  in  size  it 
is  well  to  apply  a  bandage  around  the  abdomen  or  secure 
the  services  of  a  competent  veterinarian  and  he  will  pre- 
scribe a  treatment  or  operate,  which  will  apply  directly 
to  your  colt's  or  horse's  particular  case. 


OPEN  JOINT 

Cause:  Injuries  such  as  a  kick  from  a  sharp  shoe-, 
wire  cuts,  punctures  from  snags,  or  from  probing  a  wound 
near  a  joint.  Open  joint  is  one  of  the  most  serious  ac- 
cidents that  may  happen  to  a  horse,  for  the  sufferer  is 
apt  to  die  from  the  ensuing  constitutional  disturbance, 
and  even  if  he  recovers  the  joint  will,  in  all  probability, 
be  permanently  stiff. 

Symptoms  :  If  the  joint  is  opened  or  severely  injured 
the  wound  will  have  an  ordinary  appearance  except  that 
there  may  be  a  flow  of  joint  oil  from  the  injured  oil  sack. 
However,  the  discharge  gradually  becomes  more  un- 
healthy until  finally  it  is  mixed  with  pus  and  blood  and 
assumes  a  fetid  odor.  After  two  or  three  days  the  joint 
swells  and  becomes  very  painful  and  a  high  fever  sets  in. 
In  unfavorable  cases  the  animal  dies  from  exhaustion 
very  shortly,  or  at  best  recovers  with  a  permanently  stiff 
joint. 

Treatment:  Never  probe  a  wound  near  a  joint.  If 
the  injury  is  small  and  noticed  immediately,  apply  Red 
Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams;  Vaseline,  two  ounces. 
Mix  and  rub  in  well  over  the  wound.  This  will  set  up 
sufficient  inflammation  to  close  the  opening  and  kill  any 


DISEAtSE8    OF    THE    llOKSE  61 

infection  that  may  be  present,  as  it  possesses  powerful 
antiseptic  properties.  If  the  wound  is  large,  wash  witli 
Bichloride  of  Mercury,  one  part  to  one  thousand  parts 
distilled  water.  The  wound  should  be  washed  twice  a 
day  with  this  solution.  Then  dust  the  wound  with  Tannic 
Acid,  one  ounce ;  Iodoform,  one  ounce ;  Boracic  Acid,  one 
ounce;  Calomel,  one  dram.  Mix  and  place  in  sifter  top 
can  and  apply  this  after  washing  each  time.  Then  band- 
age the  wound  by  first  placing  clean  absorbent  cotton  over 
the  wound.  Do  not  attempt  to  syringe  a  solution  into  an 
opening  or  some  of  the  solution  may  gain  entrance  into 
the  joint.    Keep  the  animal  as  quiet  as  possible  and  feed 

laxative  food.  

PALESADE  WORM 
(Strongulus  Armatus) 

This  parasite  thrives  on  marshy  ground  and  is  com- 
monly found  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  body 
of  the  worm  is  gray  in  color,  more  or  less  stiff  and 
straight  and  thicker  in  the  front  than  in  the  hind  part; 
it  varies  in  length,  the  male  measuring  from  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  to  one  inch  and  the  female  from  one  to  two 
inches.  It  may  occur  in  an  adult  or  an  immature  state. 
In  the  former  it  implants  itself  on  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  large  intestines  by  means  of  its  armed 
mouth,  while  in  the  latter  it  lives  in  cysts  underneath  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  intestines  and  is  sometimes 
found  in  the  brain,  testicles  and  liver.  The  immature 
worms  which  do  not  issue  directly  from  the  cysts  get  into 
the  arteries  and  are  carried  by  the  force  of  the  blood  to 
all  parts  of  the  body. 

Symptoms  :  Same  as  in  Red  Worm  with  the  exception 
of  colicky  pains  caused  by  the  worms  blocking  the  ar- 
teries which  carry  blood  to  the  intestines,  thus  interfering 
with  the  process  of  digestion.  Where  the  worms  enter 
the  arteries  of  the  limbs  it  results  in  lameness.  It  is  a 
good  plan  to  examine  your  animals  once  or  twice  a  year 
to  insure  them  against  this  pest. 

Teeatment  :     Same  as  for  Red  Worm. 


62  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

PLEURISY 

Cause  :  Exposed  to  a  sudden  change  of  temperature, 
confinement  in  ill-ventilated,  damp  stables,  wounds  pen- 
etrating the  chest,  fractured  ribs,  heart  diseases.  It  also 
occurs  in  conjunction  with  Bronchitis,  Influenza,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Grenerally  only  one  side  of  the  lungs  is 
affected  and  that  being  the  right,  although  it  may  affect 
both  sides  at  the  same  time.  First  you  will  notice  the 
animal  distressed,  uneasy,  shivering,  the  affected  side  is 
painful  to  pressure  of  the  hand.  The  breathing  is  short 
and  quick,  and  the  flanks  heave — which  shows  that  the 
animal  tries  to  breathe  as  much  as  possible,  by  the  action 
of  the  muscles  of  the  abdomen  and  not  by  the  movement 
of  the  ribs.  The  nostrils  are  dilated.  There  is  usually 
a  short,  dry,  painful  cough  present,  which  is  repressed 
by  the  animal  as  much  as  possible,  so  as  not  to'  shake  the 
inflamed  parts.  Often  when  expelling  air  from  the  lungs 
the  horse  gives  a  painful  grunt  especially  when  made  to 
move.  The  pulse  is  generally  hard  and  faster  than 
usual.  The  temperature  in  early  stages  may  rise  from 
104°  to  106°  F.  If  the  ear  is  applied  to  the  affected  side  a 
dry  crackling  or  friction  sound  can  be  heard;  a  groove 
along  the  lower  portion  of  the  ribs  will  extend  back  to 
the  flank.  Within  two  or  three  days  the  pulse  will  be 
softer  and  weaker,  temperature  will  fall  to  101°  or  102° 
F.  and  there  will  be  fluids  form  and  the  painful  short 
breathing  will  disappear.  The  liquids  may  now  undergo 
absorption  if  properly  treated,  and  the  case  terminate 
favorably  in  a  week  or  ten  days. 

Frequently  large  quantities  of  fluid  accumulate  in  the 
chest  cavity  that  cannot  be  absorbed,  the  breathing  be- 
comes more  difficult,  short  and  quick,  pulse  becomes  weak 
and  rapid  and  the  animal  dies  from  exhaustion. 

Tkeatment  :  Place  the  animal  in  a  comfortable,  roomy 
stall;  blanket  if  the  weather  is  chilly,  permit  fresh  air, 
but  no  drafts,  as  this  is  very  important.    Apply  a  paste 


DISEASES    OF    TPIE    HORSE  63 

made  from  Mustard  and  cold  water  over  the  chest  cavity. 
Internally,  administer  Ammonium  Iodide,  Chlorate  of 
Potash,  Nitrate  of  Potash,  each  four  ounces.  Make  into 
thirty-two  powders  and  give  one  powder  every  two  or 
three  hours  in  gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with  cap- 
sule gun.  The  diet  is  a  proper  means  of  keeping  up  the 
animal  and  is  very  important.  Coax  the  animal  to  eat 
grass  or  vegetables,  hot  bran  mashes  or  steam  rolled 
oats.  If  there  is  a  cough  present,  give  the  same  treat- 
ment as  recommended  for  Acute  and  Chronic  Coughs. 


PIN    WORM,    THREAD    OR   MAW    WORM 

(Oxyuris  Curvilis) 

This  worm  when  full  grown  is  about  one  and  three- 
quarter  inches  in  length;  its  tail  is  thin  and  whip-like 
and  head  thick  and  terminating  in  a  curve  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  crook  of  a  stick.  The  presence  of  these 
parasites  may  be  detected  by  a  light-yellow  substance 
(the  eggs  of  the  worms)  which  adheres  to  the  skin  below 
the  anus.  Pin  Worms  like  Round  Worms  frequently  come 
away  with  the  feces. 

Treatment:  Dissolve  four  tablespoonfuls  Common 
Salt  in  one  gallon  of  warm  water  and  inject  it  into  the 
rectum.  When  this  has  been  expelled,  follow  with  an  in- 
jection per  rectum  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces,  to  one-half 
gallon  Linseed  Oil.  Elevate  the  horse's  hind  quarters  so 
as  to  retain  the  injection  longer.  This  will  expel  the 
worms  and  their  eggs  that  cling  to  the  walls  of  the  rec- 
tum. The  worms  sometimes  make  their  way  so  far  for- 
ward that  it  is  impossible  to  reach  them  with  an  injec- 
tion. In  this  case  treat  same  as  for  Round  worms. 
'  Where  there  is  irritation  produced  about  the  tail  the 
horse  continually  rubs  and  it  is  well  to  apply  Mercurial 
Ointment  to  both  tail  and  the  anus. 


64  THE    VET  ERIN  AEI  AN 

POLL   EVIL 

Poll  Evil  is  so-called  because  it  occurs  in  the  region  of 
tlie  poll.  It  is  not  a  constitutional  disease,  but  comes, 
no  doubt,  from  well  marked  causes,  as  from  inflammation 
set  up  and  involving  the  bones  and  muscles  in  the  region 
of  the  poll,  and  perhaps  of  the  larger  ligament.  Owing 
to  the  low  vitality  of  the  parts  and  the  action  of  the  head 
in  taking  food,  etc.,  the  pus  is  apt  to  burrow  deep  into  the 
muscles. 

Cause:  Direct  or  indirect  injury.  A  common  cause 
is  striking  the  head  against  a  low  doorway  or  an  ill-fitting 
halter  or  bridle. 

Symptoms:  Swelling  just  back  of  the  ears  on  one  or 
both  sides  of  the  head.  The  animal  stands  with  the  nose 
out;  slight  heat  in  the  parts,  pain  on  pressure.  In  the 
first  stages,  it  is  merely  inflammatory  action.  The  second 
stage  is  suppuration,  or  there  may  be  great  swelling  in 
some  cases  when  there  is  but  little  pus  formed. 

In  other  cases  there  is  profuse  suppuration  and  the 
pus  makes  its  way  out  and  discharges  to  the  surface  and 
sinuses  are  formed,  which  extend  in  various  directions. 
Any  abscess  in  this  region  is  called  Poll  Evil. 

Treatment  :  When  the  enlargement  is  first  noticed  in 
the  region  of  the  poll,  I  would  advise  the  following :  Red 
Iodide  of  Mercury,  four  drams;  Lard,  four  ounces,  rub 
in  well  over  the  enlargement  and  perhaps  this  will  pre- 
vent sinuses  from  forming,  but  when  the  cases  are  long 
standing  and  so-called  pipes  are  formed,  I  would  advise 
that  you  secure  the  services  of  an  accomplished  Veteri- 
narian.   

PETECHIAL    FEVER 
(Purpura  Haemorrhagica) 

Cause:  Constitutional  weakness  following  some  de- 
bilitating disease  such  as  Distemper,  Pink  Eye,  Catarrh 
and  even  following  operations,  when  an  animal  becomes 
weak  and  from  want  of  exercise,  in  which  case  it  generally 
appears  during  his  recovery.     It  is  not  infectious  and 


DISEASES   OP   THE   HORSE  65 

Symptoms;  There  is  a  slight  swelling  of  the  limbs, 
more  likely  to  be  about  the  hocks.  The  swelling  may 
disappear  by  exercising,  but  will  soon  return.  The  swell- 
ings present  a  very  abrupt  appearance,  nearly  the  same 
as  if  a  string  were  tied  around  the  limbs  and  swell  very 
quickly,  and  symptomatic  of  Purpura.  Exudations  take 
place  in  which,  if  on  white  limbs,  you  will  see  little  red 
spots,  from  which  a  liquid  is  oozing.  The  swelling  is 
very  painful  and  the  entire  limb  may  be  swollen.  Small 
vesicles  appear  on  the  limbs  and  also  in  the  mucous  mem- 
branes, and  it  is  well  to  look  at  the  mucous  membranes 
before  giving  your  opinion,  as  you  will,  no  doubt,  detect 
these  spots,  which  may  extend  into  the  lungs.  These 
spots  increase  and  may  run  into  each  other.  The  mucous 
membranes  of  the  nose  may  become  a  mass  of  corrupt 
matter.  The  upper  lip  may  hang  pendulous,  which  is 
due  to  the  want  of  nervous  stimulus.  If  the  nostrils  are 
swollen  very  badly,  there  is  difficulty  in  breathing  and  if 
the  animal  is  not  able  to  take  food,  the  symptoms  are  con- 
sidered very  bad.  The  pulse  varies  much  in  some  cases ; 
although  the  swelling  is  very  great,  the  pulse  may  not  be 
more  than  forty  or  fifty  per  minute.  The  temperature  is 
elevated  one  to  three  degrees  above  normal,  there  may 
be  a  coughing  and  a  brownish  colored  discharge  from  the 
nostrils.  The  mouth  and  eyes  become  affected  and,  to- 
gether with  the  discharge  from  the  nose,  the  horse  is  a 
loathsome  looking  object.  In  milder  cases  the  appetite 
is  retained,  or  the  animal  may  take  food  one  day  and  the 
next  refuse  it.  The  bowels  are  constipated  as  a  general 
thing  in  the  first  stages  of  the  disease  and  the  urine  may 
be  of  a  dark  color,  may  even  contain  blood.  There  may 
be  a  peculiar  dropsical  swelling  of  these  petechial  spots 
or  it  may  show  itself  in  connection  with  the  eyes  and 
there  may  be  blood  extravasation  without  outer  symp- 
toms. This  disease  may  affect  the  bowels,  liver,  lungs, 
etc.  The  animal  usually  stands,  perhaps  from  the  diffi- 
culty in  moving  the  limbs.    It  is  necessary  to  watch  the 


66  THE    VETERINARIAN 

case  closely  for  flies  will  attack  him  and  he  will  be  filled 
with  maggots.  Sloughing  may  take  place;  the  entire 
sheath  or  patches  upon  the  body  may  slough  off  and 
there  may  be  paralysis  of  the  penis. 

Treatment:  Place  the  animal  in  a  clean,  light,  com- 
fortable stall.  If  the  weather  is  cold,  blanket.  The  fol- 
lowing medicine  is  recommended  because  of  its  particular 
effect  on  the  blood  in  this  disease :  Chlorate  of  Potash, 
eight  ounces ;  Iodide  of  Potash,  eight  ounces ;  Quinine 
Sulphate,  eight  ounces.  Make  into  thirty-two  capsules 
and  give  one  capsule  every  six  hours.  Also  administer 
one  ounce  capsules  filled  with  Spirits  of  Turpentine  three 
or  four  times  a  day.  Moisten  the  capsules  with  Sweet 
Oil  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Feed  hot  bran  mashes 
containing  two  or  three  ounces  of  pure  Flaxseed  meal. 
Also,  feed  vegetables,  green  grass,  if  possible. 


QUITTOR 

(Fistula  of  the  Foot) 

Cause:  Injuries.  Horses  working  on  rough  stony 
roads  are  subject  to  punctures,  pricks,  bruises,  corns, 
treads,  etc.,  which  end  in  pus  formation  which  does  not 
get  a  pendant  opening  and  destroys  the  tissues  with  which 
it  comes  in  contact.  Finally  it  bursts,  forms  sinuses  and 
pipes,  as  commonly  called,  at  the  top  of  the  hoof. 

Symptoms:  Extreme  lameness,  heat,  pain  and  swell- 
ing will  show  themselves  about  the  top  of  the  hoof.  As 
a  rule  a  Quittor  develops  slowly  and  is  more  or  less  pain- 
ful during  the  first  stages.  After  the  sinus  is  formed  and 
the  pus  discharges,  the  inflammation  generally  subsides. 
Its  healing  process  is  often  delayed  due  to  the  diseased 
portion  of  the  cartilages  inside  the  horny  hoof. 

Treatment  :  Apply  Flaxseed  or  hot  Bran  poultices  to 
relieve  the  inflammation  and  hasten  the  formation  of 
sinuses  or  pipes.  Then  with  an  ordinary  syringe  inject 
the  following:  Silver  Nitrate,  ten  grains;  Water,  one 
ounce.    Inject  fifteen  to  twenty  drops  twice  daily.    Keep 


DISEASES    OF   THE    HORSE  07 

the  food  clean  and  the  animal  as  quiet  as  possible.  It  is 
very  disagreeable,  as  stated  before,  and  the  healing  is 
very  slow,  but  this  must  be  naturally  expected,  as  we  are 
unable  to  provide  the  sinuses  with  good  drainage. 


RED    WORM 

(Strongylus  Tetr acanthus) 

The  Red  Worm  varies  in  length  from  one-third  to  three 
and  one-quarter  inches,  and  is  sometimes  white  though 
it  usually  appears  to  be  red  because  of  the  blood  it  con- 
tains. This  parasite  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Its  favorite  haunt  is  marshy  land. 

Symptoms:  Paleness  of  all  visible  membranes,  eyes 
watery  and  inflamed,  swelling  of  the  sheath,  legs,  and 
lower  surface  of  the  belly;  fetid  diarrhoea,  dullness,  de- 
bility, emaciation,  rough  coat,  and  the  presence  of  worms 
in  the  feces.  The  worms  when  first  passed  are  bright 
red  in  color  but  after  being  exposed  to  the  air  they  turn 
dark  and  may  easily  escape  the  notice  of  the  casual  ob- 
server. 

Tkeatment  :  Withhold  all  food  for  twenty-four  hours, 
then  place  the  following  drugs  in  a  gelatin  capsule :  Cal- 
omel, two  drams,  Barbadoes  Aloes,  three  drams;  Ferri 
Sulphate,  two  drams.  Give  with  capsule  gun.  x\lso 
place  the  following  tonic  in  their  feed:  Pulv.  Quassia, 
one  ounce ;  Ferri  Sulphate,  two  ounces ;  Pulv.  Anise  Seed, 
two  ounces.  Mix  and  make  sixteen  powders.  Give  one 
powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  the  feed. 


RHEUMATISM 

Cause  :  Exposure  to  cold  rains,  drafts,  lying  on  damp 
ground  when  the  blood  is  in  poor  condition.  Also  due  to 
over-stimulating  food. 

Symptoms  :  Lameness,  swelling  or  soreness  which  may 
shift  from  one  place  to  another,  then  finally  locate  in  or 
near  one  of  the  joints  of  the  limbs. 

Treatment:    Take  away  all  grains  and  feed  laxative 


68  THE    VETERINARIAN 

foods  such  as  potatoes,  carrots,  apples,  kale  and  good 
hay.  If  the  weather  is  warm  turn  out  to  pasture,  but 
confine  in  warm  stable  at  night.  It  is  advisable  to  give 
a  physic,  as  Aloin,  two  drams ;  Gentian,  one  dram ;  Gin- 
ger, one  dram.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  at  one 
dose  with  capsule  gun,  as  its  action  on  the  blood  has  a 
very  good  effect.  When  the  swellings  are  painful,  apply 
Camphorated  Liniment  once  or  twice  daily.  Also,  ad- 
minister the  following  tonic :  Potassi  Iodide,  one  ounce ; 
Nitrate  of  Potash,  two  ounces ;  Chlorate  of  Potash,  two 
ounces ;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  one  ounce ;  Ferri  Sulphate, 
one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  four  ounces.  Mix  well  and 
make  into  twenty  powders.  Give  one  powder  three  times 
a  day  in  bran  or  place  in  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 

gun.  

RING   BONE 

Cause  :  Faulty  conformation — as  a  narrow  or  straight 
pastern  joint  is  considered  faulty.  Be  very  careful  in 
selecting  a  sire  when  breeding,  as  faulty  conformation  is 
hereditary.  Ringbone  may  also  result  when  young  an- 
imals are  put  to  work  on  hard  roads  or  running  in  stony 
pastures  sometimes  produces  Ringbone  before  the  bones 
have  become  properly  hardened.  Other  causes  are  in- 
jury to  tendons  or  ligaments,  bruised  joints,  blows,  calk- 
ing, or  picking  up  a  nail. 

Symptoms:  Lameness  will  manifest  itself  when  the 
horse  first  starts  out  in  the  morning;  this  may  become 
less  noticeable  or  even  disappear  temporarily  as  the  an- 
imal works.  They  gradually  grow  lamer  and  examina- 
tion will  disclose  an  enlargement  at  or  around  the  top  of 
the  hoof.  This  may  appear  in  one  or  more  feet,  but 
the  front  feet  are  more  often  aifected. 

Treatment:  If  the  Ringbone  is  very  much  inflamed, 
reduce  the  heat  by  applying  cold  water  or  ice  packs  to 
the  part.  Clip  off  all  hair  from  around  the  top  of  the 
hoof  and  rub  in  well  for  twenty  minutes  the  following: 
Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams;  Pulv.  Cantharides, 


DISEASES    OF   THE   HORSE  69 

two  drams ;  Turpentine,  one  dram ;  Pine  Tar,  two  drams, 
and  mix  in  two  ounces  of  Lard.  This  applied  every  two 
days  for  a  week  and  repeat  same  treatment  in  two  weeks. 
Keep  the  animal  as  quiet  as  possible  as  it  assists  in  pro- 
ducing a  recovery.  If  the  animal  is  comparatively  young, 
recovery  is  certain,  although  the  enlargement  may  never 

disappear.  

ROUND    WORM 
(Ascaris  Megalcephala) 

Resembles  the  Earth  Worm  somewhat  in  shape,  yellow- 
ish-white in  color,  stiff  and  elastic.  When  full  grown,  it 
varies  in  length  from  six  to  sixteen  inches.  These  worms 
are  usually  found  in  the  small  intestines,  although  they 
sometimes  invade  the  stomach,  and  when  numerous  se- 
riously disturb  the  animaPs  health. 

Symptoms:  The  animaPs  general  health  is  affected  as 
is  evident  from  the  morbid  state  of  his  appetite,  rough 
coat,  pot-belly,  liability  to  colic  and  slight  diarrhoea. 
Some  of  these  worms  are  often  expelled  with  the  feces. 
As  they  increase  in  number,  they  block  up  the  small  in- 
testines, giving  rise  to  colic,  and  may  in  time  kill  the 
horse.    They  sometimes  cause  perforation  of  the  bowels. 

Treatment  ;  Withhold  all  food  from  eighteen  to  twen- 
ty-four hours,  then  administer  the  following:  Ferri 
Sulphate,  two  drams;  Antimony  Tartrate,  two  drams; 
Pulv.  Quassia,  two  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and 
give  with  capsule  gun.  Follow  this  from  six  to  eight 
hours  with  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger,  two  drams,  and 
give  as  above  directed.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  repeat  the 
above  treatment  in  ten  days  to  insure  the  removal  of  any 
worms  which  may  have  survived  the  first  treatment. 


SCROTAL   RUPTURE 

(Inguinal  Hernia) 
Cause:    Abnormal   size   of  the   upper  ring  through 
which  a  part  of  the  intestines  or  its  connecting  mem- 
brane descends  into  and  through  the  canal  leading  from 


70  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

the  abdomen  to  the  scrotal  cavity.  There  is  little  danger 
of  strangulation  from  this  form  of  rupture  which  may 
occur  at  birth  and  disappear  with  age.  A  careful  exam- 
ination should  therefore  be  made  of  the  scrotum  before 
castration. 

Symptoms  :  In  most  cases,  this  condition  is  easily  de- 
tected. The  scrotum  will  be  somewhat  enlarged.  Some- 
times the  intestines  will  become  strangulated  and  colicky 
symptoms  appear.  When  a  young  male  colt  shows  signs 
of  colic,  examine  him  for  Scrotal  Rupture. 

Treatment  :  The  trouble  usually  disappears  with  age 
although  in  some  cases  it  is  well  to  operate.  Where  col- 
icky symptoms  are  present,  roll  the  colt  on  its  back, 
manipulating  the  scrotum.    Diet  carefully. 


SHOE   BOIL 

(Capped  Elbow) 

Cause  :  Injuries,  bruises  or  pressure  when  lying  on  a 
rough  floor.  Sharp  heeled  shoes  and  kicks  also  have  a 
tendency  to  produce  it. 

Symptoms  :  A  hot  painful  swelling  of  the  Elbow  joint 
when  first  noticed.  When  neglected,  it  takes  on  a  white 
fibrous  or  callous  growth. 

Treatment:  First  remove  the  cause.  Do  not  lance 
the  enlargement ;  let  it  come  to  a  head  of  its  own  accord, 
by  applying  Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams;  Pulv. 
Cantharides,  three  drams;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  well 
together  and  apply  twice  a  week.  When  the  swelling  is 
hot  and  painful  it  is  well  to  apply  cold  water  or  ice  packs 
before  applying  the  above  mentioned  prescription. 


SPLINTS 

Cause  :  This  disease  is  chiefly  produced  by  trotting  or 
running  on  hard  ground,  etc.  It  is  evident  that  horses 
with  high  knee  action  and  heavy  bodies  are  more  liable 
to  this  disease.  Jumping  is  also  a  common  cause  of 
splints,  but  the  more  accustomed  a  horse  is  to  jumping 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE  71 

tlie  less  liable  lie  is  to  throw  splints,  because  practice 
teaches  the  animal  to  regulate  his  movements  so  as  to 
more  or  less  diminish  the  disagreeable  if  not  actually 
painful  effect  of  concussion. 

Symptoms:  A  splint  is  detected  by  grasping  the 
horse 's  leg  with  the  fingers  upon  one  side  and  the  thumb 
upon  the  other,  and  tracing  the  inner  and  outer  splint 
bones  from  their  heads  downward  to  their  tapering  ex- 
tremities. Any  actual  enlargement  will  at  once  arrest 
the  hand ;  any  rising  or  irregularity  will  create  suspicion 
and  lead  to  close  examination.  Horses,  especially  young 
ones  which  have  lately  been  put  to  work,  not  infrequently 
develop  splints  before  any  swelling  appears.  For  this 
reason,  in  examining  a  case  of  obscure  lameness,  partic- 
ularly if  the  animal  is  young,  do  not  fail  to  look  for  the 
sign  of  splint  lameness,  namely :  that  the  lameness  is  ab- 
normally greater  at  a  trot  than  at  a  walk  and  that  the  an- 
imal usually  fails  to  bend  the  knees  freely  and  grows 
worse  with  exercise.  The  last  mentioned  condition  is 
also  present  with  corns,  but  an  examination  of  the  foot 
will  determine  the  question  of  their  existence.  In  young 
horses  splints  are  sometimes  mistaken  for  coffin-joint 
lameness  or  navicular  disease.  To  avoid  this  error,  it 
should  be  remembered  that,  when  brought  on  by  navicular 
disease,  the  action  of  the  limb  improves  with  exercise; 
also  that  horses  of  five  years  of  age  or  less  very  rarely 
suffer  from  coffin-joint  disease.  Some  horses,  owing  to 
unusual  development  of  the  inner  splint  bones  of  the  fore 
legs  may  appear  to  have  splints,  although  careful  ex- 
amination may  prove  both  limbs  to  be  free  from  any  bony 
deposit.  When  deciding  such  a  point,  note  if  the  two 
inner  splint  bones  are  of  the  same  size.  Any  swelling 
perceptible  in  a  limb  recently  affected  with  splint-lame- 
ness is  usually  attended  by  heat  and  pain. 

Treatment:  If  there  is  heat  present,  foment  with 
hot  or  cold  water;  when  heat  has  subsided,  apply  the  fol- 
lowing ointment:     Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams; 


THE    VETERINARIATsI? 


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DISEASES    OF   THE   HORSE  73 

Turpentine,  twenty  drops,  and  mix.  Apply  every  forty- 
eight  hours  until  three  applications  have  been  applied. 
Rub  in  for  twenty  minutes  each  time. 

During  this  treatment  use  the  horse  for  slow  work  on 
soft  roads,  etc.  As  a  rule  the  splints  will  not  disappear  at 
once,  but  will  gradually.  I  may  add  that  common  splints 
are  not  considered  an  unsoundness. 


SPASMODIC    COLIC 

Cause  :  Horses  seem  to  be  predisposed  to  this  form  of 
colic  on  account  of  the  great  length  of  their  intestines 
w^hich  are  apt  to  be  telescoped,  twisted  or  their  circular 
muscular  fibers  spasmodically  contracted.  Perhaps  the 
principal  cause  is  a  change  of  food,  sudden  change  of 
temperature,  constipation,  drinking  cold  or  too  large  a 
quantity  of  water^  especially  if  the  animal  is  warm ;  over- 
loading the  stomach  with  frozen  or  mouldy  food.  Worms 
frequently  produce  colic. 

Symptoms  :  If  the  animal  is  tied  it  will  become  uneasy, 
paw,  point  its  nose  to  the  flank,  twitch  the  tail,  lie  down 
and  get  up  frequently.  If  the  animal  is  loose  it  will  walk 
around,  paw,  kick  at  its  belly  with  the  hind  feet,  make 
attempts  to  lie  down,  roll  on  its  back  and  remain  in  that 
position  for  a  while.  The  pulse  increases  with  the  pain, 
temperature  rises  from  one-half  to  one  degree,  breathing 
labored  and  fast,  the  animal  sweats  in  spots,  there  may 
be  diarrhoea  present,  but  this  does  not  frequently  occur. 

Unfavorable  symptoms  of  spasmodic  colic  are  cold 
legs  to  the  feet,  point  of  the  ears  cold,  trembling  of  the 
muscles,  cold  sweats,  mucous  membranes  of  the  nose, 
mouth  and  eyes  have  a  dark  color  due  to  the  congestion. 

Treatment:  In  all  cases  of  spasmodic  colic,  except 
where  there  is  diarrhoea  present  or  mares  heavily  in  foal, 
give  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in 
gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  It  is  advisa- 
ble to  give  rectal  injection  of  Warm  Water  and  Glycerine. 
They  are  soothing  and  cooling  to  the  intestinal  canal. 


74  THE   VETERINARIAN 

Also  give  tlie  following  prescription :  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica, 
four  ounces ;  Carbonate  of  Ammonia,  four  ounces ;  Asa- 
foetida,  four  ounces.  Make  into  six  powders ;  place  one 
powder  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with,  capsule  gun 
every  two  hours  until  relieved.  The  former  prescription 
removes  the  cause  as  it  is  a  physic.  The  latter  contains 
medicines  blended  so  as  to  counteract  the  spasmodic  con- 
tractions of  the  bowels.  It  is  also  a  heart  stimulant,, 
just  what  is  needed  in  colic  to  keep  up  the  animaPs 
vitality.  Beware  of  colic  remedies  that  are  given  in  drop 
doses.  They  contain  drugs  to  only  relieve  the  pain  and 
not  remove  the  cause.  When  their  effects  are  worn  off, 
the  disease  has  progressed;  the  animaPs  heart  action 
has  been  weakened  and  chances  are  that  the  animal  will 
die.  If  drenching  is  resorted  to,  it  must  be  done  with 
great  precaution.     Remember  a  horse  cannot  breathe 

through  his  mouth.  

SIDE   BONES 

Cause:  The  chief  causes  of  Side  Bones  are:  Depri- 
vation of  frog  pressure,  injuries,  high  heeled  shoes,  the 
use  of  which  is  almost  entirely  confined  to  draft  horses. 
A  high-heeled  shoe  prevents  the  frog  from  resting  on 
the  ground  which  is  its  natural  support. 

Symptoms  :  Enlargement  just  above  the  hoof,  usually 
affecting  the  front  feet,  or  may  affect  only  one  side  of 
one  of  the  feet.  The  pain  which  produces  the  lameness 
is  due  to  pressure  on  the  soft  tissues  between  the  newly 
formed  side  bone  and  the  hoof.  Sometimes  the  enlarge- 
ment has  a  tendency  to  spread  the  hoof.  In  such  a  case 
the  lameness  is  not  so  severe. 

Treatment  :  Clip  the  hair  from  over  the  Side  Bone 
and  rasp  the  foot  below  the  enlargement,  so  that  the  hoof 
will  be  flexible  on  pressure  from  the  fingers.  Then  apply 
the  following  to  both  the  enlargement  and  the  rasped 
surface  on  the  hoof :  Red  lodi^de  of  Mercury,  two  drams ; 
Pulv.  Cantharides,  four  drams.  Mix  well  in  two  ounces 
of  Lard  and  apply  every  forty-eight  hours  until  three 
applications  have  been  applied. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  75 

If  you  must  work  the  animal,  put  it  to  some  easy  work 
^'here  it  has  soft  ground  to  walk  upon. 


STAGGERS 

(Forage  Poisoning — Inflammation  of  the  Brain) 

(Cerebral  Meningitis) 

Cause:  Certain  plants  or  stagnant  water  are  most 
<?ommonly  instrumental  in  producing  staggers;  fre- 
quently seen  in  the  early  autumn  months  when  the  grass 
in  the  pastures  becomes  dry  and  certain  forage  remains 
green  which  contains  toxic  principles.  These  plants  are 
ravenously  eaten  by  horses  on  account  of  being  green  and 
tender.  This  is  one  of  the  common  causes  of  the  disease, 
although  mouldy,  indigestible  or  highly  nitrogenous  foods 
are  frequently  producers  of  staggers.  This  form  of  stag- 
gers is  not  contagious,  although  what  produces  staggers 
in  one  horse  will  also  produce  it  in  another.  In  this  way 
several  horses  may  become  affected  with  staggers  at  the 
same  time.  Inflammation  of  the  brain  may  occur  as  a 
complication  of  some  infectious  or  digestive  disease. 
Other  causes  are  blows  to  the  head,  tumors  in  or  on  the 
brain,  which  cause  the  animal  to  naturally  stagger,  as 
the  brain  controls  the  horse's  organs  of  locomotion. 

Symptoms:  Vary  to  a  certain  extent,  but  a  careful 
observer  will  detect  some  trouble  connected  with  the 
nervous  system,  as  the  animal  walking  unsteadily,  step- 
ping high  and  keeping  the  legs  spread  apart,  bracing  it- 
self to  keep  from  falling.  There  is  also  great  depres- 
sion, as  dullness  and  sleepiness  with  little  or  no  inclina- 
tion to  move  about.  The  head  may  be  placed  against  a 
wall  or  fenca  and  the  legs  kept  moving  as  if  the  horse 
were  trying  to  walk.  As  the  disease  progresses  and  no 
attempts  are  made  to  relieve  it,  they  will  become  frac- 
tious, nervous,  easily  excited,  pawing  and  eventually  fall, 
keeping  the  feet  moving  as  if  walking,  throwing  their 
heads  about  in  a  delirious  manner  and  eventually  death 


76  THE   VETEEINAEIAN 

follows.  The  horse  as  a  rule  eats  and  drinks  ravenously 
when  the  first  signs  of  staggers  are  noticed,  but  in  its 
latter  stages  the  tongue  and  gullet  become  paralyzed  and 
although  the  animal  attempts  to  eat  and  drink  he  can- 
not swallow.  The  pulse  varies.  It  is  strong,  but  sub- 
normal when  the  first  symptoms  of  staggers  are  noticed, 
that  is  to  say,  it  is  as  slow  as  twenty  to  twenty-five 
beats  per  minute.  As  the  disease  progresses,  however, 
it  becomes  weaker  and  faster.  Constipation  frequently 
accompanies  this  disease,  also  paleness  tinged  with  yel- 
low about  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  and  eyes. 
In  many  instances  I  believe  that  the  poisonous  forage 
eaten  by  horses  depresses  the  heart  action  to  such  an  ex- 
tent that  it  results  in  the  brain  not  receiving  the  proper 
blood  supply,  causing  dizziness  or  staggers. 

Treatment:  Place  the  animal  in  a  clean,  dark  stall, 
keeping  the  surroundings  as  quiet  as  possible.  In  its 
first  stages  it  is  easily  treated,  but  as  the  horse  becomes 
easily  excited  and  his  swallowing  becomes  difficult,  treat- 
ment becomes  more  difficult.  When  the  first  signs  are 
noticed,  administer  a  physic  as :  Aloin,  two  or  three 
drams ;  Ginger,  two  or  three  drams,  according  to  the  size 
of  the  animal.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  This  physic  removes  the  irritant  from  the 
intestines  and  prevents  its  absorption  into  the  blood. 
Also  administer  the  following:  Bromide  of  Potassium, 
twelve  ounces ;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  four  ounces ;  Iodide  of 
Potash,  three  ounces.  Make  into  twenty-four  capsules 
and  give  one  capsule  every  four  hours. 

My  method  of  administering  medicine  to  animals  places 
me  in  a  position  to  treat  them  and  compel  them  to  take 
the  medicine  even  though  paralysis  may  exist.  When 
animals  will  eat,  feed  food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  hot 
wheat  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats  and  vegetables 
and  give  small  quantities,  but  often,  of  clean  fresh  water. 
It  is  necessary  to  give  stimulants  and  tonics  as  soon  as 
they  are  on  the  road  to  recovery,  as  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica, 


DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE  77 

four  ounces ;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces ;  Sulphate 
of  Iron,  two  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen  capsules  and  give 
one  capsule  three  times  daily. 

STIFLE  JOINT   LAMENESS 

(Dislocation  of  the  Patella) 

Although  dislocations  are  infrequent,  this  is  the  most 
common  form  which  occurs  in  the  horse. 

Cause:  Young  loose  jointed  horses  are  predisposed 
to  dislocation  of  the  stifle  on  account  of  the  comparative 
want  of  strength  of  their  ligaments.  They  are  much 
more  liable  to  this  accident  than  older  horses,  especially 
if  they  are  in  poor  health  or  in  rough  hilly  pastures ;  the 
nature  of  which  would  naturally  make  them  susceptible 
to  this  injury,  which,  however,  may  take  place  as  a  result 
of  accident  at  any  age.  Young  horses  that  suffer,  off 
and  on  from  dislocation,  often  lose  their  liability  with 
increasing  strength  and  age.  This  dislocation  may  be 
partial  or  complete.  In  the  former  instance  and  the  most 
common  is  where  the  patella,  or  the  little  stifle  bone  that 
glides  in  the  groove  composed  of  the  lower  hip  and  upper 
thigh  bones,  has  become  partially  dislocated  or  removed 
from  its  natural  position. 

Symptoms:  When  the  dislocation  is  complete  the  af- 
fected limb  is  drawn  forward,  while  the  foot  from  the 
pastern  down  is  drawn  backward,  and  the  animal  may 
throw  weight  on  it  when  made  to  move,  which  is  accom- 
plished with  great  difficulty.  When  the  dislocation  is 
partial,  the  symptoms  are  about  the  same  as  mentioned, 
only  the  limb  is  less  rigid.  If  the  horse  is  moved,  the 
stifle  makes  a  klick  sound.  In  this  form,  you  may  have 
both  limbs  affected. 

Tkeatment:  In  partial  dislocation,  the  stifle  bone 
may  be  replaced  by  drawing  the  leg  forward,  and  with 
the  hand  pressing  in  on  the  stifle.  In  complete  disloca- 
tion, tie  a  rope  around  the  pastern  of  the  affected  leg, 
then  draw  the  rope  through  a  collar  placed  around  the 


78  THE   VETERINARIAN 

horse's  neck  and  draw  forward  as  far  as  possible  and 
tie.  Then  press  with  both  hands  inward.  After  the 
stifle  is  placed  back  into  position  use  the  following  lini- 
ment: Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four  ounces;  Oil  of  Tur- 
pentine, four  ounces ;  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  four  ounces.  Mix 
and  apply  well  over  the  stifle  joint  once  or  twice  a  day  for 
two  or  three  days.  Feed  nourishing  food  and  put  the 
animal  to  slow,  easy  work  or  turn  out  to  good  pasture. 

In  old  chronic  cases  of  Stifle  Joint  Lameness,  treat- 
ment is  of  no  value,  therefore,  care  for  the  animal  as 
soon  as  the  catch  in  the  walk  or  lameness  appears. 


STRING-HALT 

Cause  :  Several  theories  have  been  put  forth  as  to  the 
cause  of  String-Halt  which  is  generally  supposed  to  be  a 
nervous  disease ;  a  condition  opposite  to  paralysis.  The 
exact  cause  of  this  disease  is  hard  to  determine,  but  it  is 
likely  to  occur  in  highly  nervous  horses.  It  sometimes 
follows  an  injury  which  may  have  irritated  the  nerves 
in  some  way.  I  believe  that  castration  causes  it  in  many 
instances,  due  to  the  severe  struggle  when  being  thrown, 
or  pulling  down  severely  on  the  spermatic  cord*svhen  re- 
moving the  testicle. 

Symptoms:  Spasmodic  contraction  of  one  or  both 
limbs.  This  sign  varies,  as  sometimes  it  is  very  violent, 
while  in  others  it  may  be  so  slight  that  it  is  hard  to  detect 
when  stepping  the  horse  forward,  but  on  backing  or  turn- 
ing the  horse  around  the  signs  are  easily  noticed.  All 
symptoms  are  better  marked  in  the  winter  than  in  the 
summer,  as  some  show  it  in  the  winter  that  do  not  show 
it  in  the  summer  at  all. 

Treatment:  Very  unsuccessful,  although  an  opera- 
tion proves  beneficial  in  some  cases,  but  if  this  is  at- 
tempted, the  services  of  a  competent  Veterinarian  should 
be  secured. 

The  feeding  of  laxative  foods  that  are  easily  digested 
relieves  String-Halt  in  many  instances. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    HORSE  79 

SORE   THROAT 

(Pharyngitis — Laryngitis) 

Cause:  Exposure  to  cold  weather  or  rain  when  the 
animal  is  not  accustomed  to  it ;  drenching  with  irritating 
medicines  or  inhaling  irritating  smoke  or  gases. 

Symptoms;  At  first  the  animal  generally  chills,  the 
legs  and  ears  are  cold,  but  eventually  they  become  very 
warm  as  the  temperature  increases,  coughing,  grinding  of 
the  teeth,  saliva  oozing  from  the  mouth ;  the  animal  will 
hold  its  head  in  a  stiff  straight  position,  moving  it  as  little 
as  possible.  There  will  be  great  difficulty  in  masticating 
and  swallowing,  as  the  food  will  come  from  the  mouth  in 
the  form  of  wads,  and  as  this  soreness  of  the  throat  pro- 
gresses food  will  also  come  from  the  nostrils.  This  is  a 
bad  sign,  as  extensive  inflammation  is  no  doubt  present. 
"Water,  also,  runs  through  the  nostrils  freely  when  the 
animal  attempts  to  drink,  due  to  the  swollen  condition  of 
the  throat.  The  animal  forces  the  water  back  into  the 
mouth,  but  is  unable  to  swallow  and  hence  the  water 
gushes  out  through  the  nostrils.  The  animal  evinces 
great  pain  when  pressure  is  applied  from  the  outside 
and  he  breathes  with  great  difficulty.  Although  the 
pulse  is  not  much  affected  at  this  stage,  the  temperature 
is  elevated  from  one  to  two  degrees  above  normal.  The 
urine  becomes  scanty  and  highly  colored,  the  eyes  blood- 
shot and  discharging.  Eventually  the  throat  becomes 
greatly  swollen  and  abscesses  may  form  and  discharge. 
As  a  rule  constipation  is  associated  with  this  disease. 

Treatment  :  Mild  attacks  of  sore  throat  are  easily 
treated,  but  when  serious  cases  develop,  it  is  unsuccess- 
ful. Place  the  animal  in  a  clean,  comfortable  stall ;  per- 
mit as  much  fresh  air  as  possible,  but  avoid  all  drafts^  If 
the  weather  is  chilly,  blanket  the  animal,  hand  rub  the 
legs  and  bandage  with  woolen  cloths  or  bandage.  Ad- 
minister a  mixture  made  from  Chlorate  of  Potash,  three 
ounces;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  three  ounces;  Tannic  Acid, 
one-half  ounce ;  Molasses,  one-half  pint ;  Pine  Tar,  one- 


80  THE   VETERINARIAN 

half  pint.  Mix  well  and  place  about  one  tablespoonful 
on  the  tongue  every  two  hours  in  severe  eases ;  in  mild 
attacks,  give  less  frequently.  When  they  will  eat,  feed 
food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes  and 
steamed  rolled  oats  containing  two  or  three  ounces  of 
pure  ground  flaxseed.  It  is  always  necessary  to  apply 
strong  liniments  to  the  throat,  as  they  relieve  inflamma- 
tion and  stimulate  the  formation  of  an  abscess.  The  fol- 
lowing liniment  will  be  found  very  beneficial :  Aqua  Am- 
monia Fort.,  four  ounces ;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces,; 
Sweet  Oil,  six  ounces ;  shake  well  and  apply  two  or  three 
times  daily.  If  the  swelling  is  extreme  between  the  jaws, 
so  as  to  interfere  with  the  animal 's  breathing,  it  is  well  to 
lance  the  abscess  if  a  soft  spot  can  be  found.  Just  cut 
through  the  skin  with  a  knife ;  then  use  a  clean  blunt  in- 
strument to  locate  the  pus  cavity.  Otherwise,  severe 
hemorrhage  may  be  produced. 


SURFEIT 
(Nettle-Rash — Urtecaria) 

Cause  :  The  usual  cause  of  Surfeit  is  supposed  to  be 
due  to  a  character  of  food  consumed  which  upsets  the 
animal's  digestive  organs,  the  skin  being  continuous  with 
the  mucous  membranes  lining  the  intestinal  canal.  A  dis- 
turbance of  the  one  structure  is  readily  communicated  to 
the  other.  Apparently,  owing  to  the  extreme  dry  nature 
of  the  forage  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  horses 
in  the  United  States  frequently  suffer  from  Surfeit. 

Symptoms:  Surfeit  is  a  term  applied  to  an  eruption 
of  small  irregular  lumps  or  boils  which  are  more  or  less 
painful  to  the  touch  and  which  break  out  suddenly  as  a 
rule  on  the  horse's  body  and  neck,  and  in  rare  cases  on 
the  legs.  A  favorite  seat  of  Surfeit  is  the  parts  covered 
with  the  harness  or  saddle  and  along  the  neck  and  with- 
ers. Surfeit  is  very  troublesome  and  annoys  both  the 
horse  and  driver,  especially  when  the  horse  perspires,  as 
he  will  rub  violently  when  coming  in  contact  with  any 
object.  . 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE  81 

Treatment  :  Give  two  to  four  ounces  of  Epsom  Salts 
in  hot  wheat  bran  mashes  every  morning.  Feed  as  much 
sloppy  food  as  possible,  vegetables,  etc.  Avoid  feeding 
dry  woody  hay,  as  it  irritates  the  intestines  and  aggra- 
vates the  disease,  

SWEENEY 

(Atrophy) 

Cause  :  An  ill  fitting  collar,  one  tug  longer  than  the 
other,  striking  an  object  when  pulling,  like  a  stone  or  a 
corner  of  a  building,  slipping,  kicks,  or  the  animal  may 
have  a  splint,  sprain,  ringbone,  sidebone,  coffin-joint 
lameness,  curb,  corns,  stifle  lameness,  in  fact  anything 
that  tends  to  make  an  animal  favor  the  use  of  certain 
muscles.  It  is  not  a  disease,  just  a  lack  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  muscles,  which  waste  away  or  shrink  when 
not  used  as  nature  provided.  For  instance,  perhaps  you 
have  had  or  have  seen  persons  that  had  a  fractured  leg 
or  arm  and  on  account  of  not  being  able  to  use  the  leg  or 
arm  the  muscles  wasted  away  (Atrophy),  until  they  were 
usedjnormally  for  sometime,  when  the  muscles  again  came 
back  to  their  normal  size. 

Symptoms:  First  locate  the  cause.  The  animal  may 
be  very  lame  although  I  have  seen  Sweeneys  where  lame- 
ness was  very  hard  to  detect,  being  those  which  were 
usually  due  to  ill  fitting  collars.  Eemember  you  can  have 
a  Sweeney  of  the  hip  as  well  as  the  shoulder,  and  keep 
in  mind  the  above  mentioned  causes. 

Treatment  :  When  you  have  an  animal  affected  with 
Sweeney,  find  the  true  cause  and  remove  it  if  possible. 
Unless  the  Sweeney  is  an  old  chronic  one,  it  is  success- 
fully treated  with  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four  ounces; 
Turpentine,  four  ounces;  Sweet  Oil,  four  ounces.  Mix 
and  apply  well  over  wasted  muscles  once  a  day.  If  the 
application  is  too  irritating,  as  some  horses  have  thin- 
ner skins  than  others,  it  is  advisable  to  add  more  Sweet 
Oil  than  above  mentioned. 


82  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

TAPEWORM 
(Taenia) 
These  worms  have  been  found  in  the  horse,  but  so 
rarely  that  they  need  not  be  considered. 


THOROUGHPIN 

Cause  :  Generally  due  to  some  irritation  of  the  hock 
joint  such  as  severe  sprains  from  animal  jumping,  slip- 
ping, kick  or  falling  through  a  culvert  or  bridge  or  it  is 
frequently  hereditary;  so  be  very  careful  in  choosing  a 
sire  when  breeding. 

Symptoms;  Sometimes  there  is  lameness  when  the 
Thoroughpin  is  first  noticed,  but  it  will  gradually  disap- 
pear as  soon  as  the  inflammation  ceases.  There  will  be 
a  puffy,  soft  enlargement  which  occurs  at  the  upper  and 
back  part  of  the  hock,  beneath  the  great  tendons.  Gen- 
erally both  sides  are  enlarged  and  puffy,  but  occasionally 
it  happens  that  one  side  is  only  involved.  Thoroughpin 
is  also  a  forerunner  of  Bog  Spavin  as  they  generally  are 
connected,  as  you  are  aware  that  the  hock  contains  joint 
oil  as  all  other  joints  do,  retained  in  place  by  a  thin,  white 
fibrous  membrane.  Irritation  of  the  hock  joint  tends  to 
develop  an  extra  large  quantity  of  joint  oil,  and  the  hock 
is  less  protected  by  tendons  where  a  Thoroughpin  or  Bog 
Spavin  occurs — ^hence  those  puffy  swellings  are  filled 
with  joint  oil  and  are  connected.  If  you  press  on  one 
siae  of  a  Thoroughpin,  you  will  see  the  other  side  bulge 
out.  If  you  press  on  a  Bog  Spavin  and  there  is  a  Thor- 
oughpin present,  you  will  see  it  bulge  on  either  side  of 
the  Thoroughpin — or  vice  versa. 

Treatment  :  If  on  an  old  horse  and  the  Thoroughpin 
is  of  long  standing,  treatment  is  unsatisfactory,  but  on 
the  other  hand  if  the  animal  is  young  it  can  be  success- 
fully treated  with  Tincture  of  Iodine,  one  ounce;  Gum 
Camphor,  two  ounces ;  Gasolene,  one  pint.  Mix  well  and 
rub  in  with  nail  or  tooth  brush  twice  a  week.  Keep  the 
animal  as  quiet  as  possible  as  the  results  will  be  accom- 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE  83 

plished  much  sooner.  Never  attempt  to  open  or  lance  a 
puffy  swelling  about  a  joint  as  it  contains  joint  oil.  The 
result  would  be  an  open  joint. 


THRUSH 

Cause:  The  two  main  causes  of  Thrush  are  lack  of 
pressure  on  the  frog  and  the  decomposing  effect  of  filth 
and  fermentation  of  organic  matter  which  accumulates  in 
the  cleft  of  the  frog. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  in  some  cases  is  lame;  there 
will  be  a  swelling  accompanied  by  a  very  fetid  discharge ; 
in  some  cases  the  frog  has  practically  rotted  away ;  there 
will  be  more  or  less  inflammation  in  the  foot.  The  legs 
may  even  swell.  Thrush  is  more  frequently  found  in  the 
hind  feet  because  of  the  manure  and  filth  with  which  they 
must  come  in  contact. 

Teeatment.:  Cut  away  all  loose  pieces  of  horn  from 
over  the  frog  and  apply  a  Flaxseed  meal  poultice  and 
leave  it  on  for  twenty-four  hours,  after  which  wash  well 
with  Soap  and  warm  water.  Then  apply  Calomel  to  the 
groove  in  the  frog.  Keep  the  foot  clean.  Do  not  allow 
the  animal  to  stand  in  filth. 


WIND  COLIC 
(Flatulent  Colic) 
Cause  :  This  dangerous  form  of  Colic  is  a  distension 
of  the  bowels  with  gas,  resulting  generally  from  the  de- 
composition of  undigested  food  in  the  bowels.  It  some- 
times follows  Spasmodic  Colic,  in  which  there  is  first 
spasms  due  to  the  irritations  set  up  by  the  presence  of 
undigested  matter,  and  subsequently  this  food  decom- 
poses and  forms  gas.  I  may  conclude  that  Flatulent  or 
Wind  Colic  is  usually  caused  by  errors  in  feeding  and 
watering  horses.  Perhaps  the  animal  has  been  given 
large  quantities  of  rank  grass,  watery  roots,  which  on 
account  of  its  moist  nature  is  quickly  swallowed  without 
being  properly  masticated. 


84  THE   VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms:  The  signs  resemble  those  of  Spasmodic 
Colic,  except  that  they  are  less  violent.  In  most  cases 
there  is  general  accumulation  of  gas,  the  abdomen  dis- 
tended to  a  considerable  size  before  the  animal  shows 
signs  of  uneasiness.  In  cases  where  the  animal  swells 
on  the  right  side,  it  is  the  large  intestines  filled  with 
gas.  In  other  cases  where  both  sides  are  equally  swollen, 
the  stomach  and  small  intestines  contain  gas.  The 
horse's  back  will  have  an  arched  appearance,  passing  of 
gas  from  the  anus  frequently,  the  horse  will  make  at- 
tempts to  vomit.  In  some  cases  actual  vomiting  takes 
place.  This  is  a  bad  sign,  as  rupture  of  the  stomach 
usually  occurs  at  this  stage. 

Teeatment:  Give  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger,  two 
drams,  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 
However,  this  is  a  physic  and  should  not  be  given  to 
mares  heavily  in  foal.  Also  apply  to  the  abdominal  cav- 
ity, liniment  consisting  of  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four 
ounces ;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces ;  Sweet  Oil,  four 
ounces.    Mix  and  rub  in  well  over  the  abdomen. 

To  mares  heavy  with  foal,  apply  the  above  liniment 
and  give  rectal  injections  of  Glycerine  and  warm  water 
frequently. 

The  following  remedy  should  be  administered  to  all 
cases  of  Colic,  including  mares  heavy  with  foal:  Aro- 
matic Spirits  of  Ammonia,  six  ounces;  Turpentine,  six 
ounces.  Mix  well  together  and  place  one  ounce  in  gelatin 
capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun  every  hour.  Punctur- 
ing the  intestines  is  advisable  in  some  cases  to  relieve 
them  of  gas.  This  requires  a  special  instrument  for  the 
purpose  and  no  one  should  attempt  to  perform  the  opera- 
tion unless  they  know  the  anatomy  of  the  part,  as  the  ar- 
teries of  the  intestines  may  be  penetrated  and  produce 
internal  hemorrhage  or  infection  of  the  intestines,  or 
abscesses  may  follow. 


DISEASES    OF    THE   HORSE  85 

WIND    GALLS 

Cause  :  By:  concussions  from  fast  work  on  hard  roads 
and  from  sprains  from  slipping. 

Symptoms:  When  concussions  alone  are  responsible, 
the  suspensory  ligament  and  the  back  tendons  will  at  first 
be  in  a  normal  condition,  and  the  swelling  will  probably 
be  confined  to  both  the  inside  and  outside  of  the  leg,  and 
may  be  felt  in  the  form  of  a  puffy  swelling  on  each  side 
of  the  fetlock  by  placing  the  fore  finger  and  the  thumb 
on  the  joint.  In  more  serious  cases  resulting  from 
sprains,  the  vacant  space  between  the  back  tendons  and 
the  suspensory  ligament  may  also  become  filled  with 
fluids.  In  other  words,  a  Wind  Gall  has  formed.  In  some 
cases  the  animal  may  be  lame. 

Tkeatment:  When  there  is  heat  present  apply  cold, 
wet  packs  until  the  heat  disappears.  Then  apply  Tinc- 
ture of  Iodine,  one  ounce;  Gum  Camphor,  two  ounces; 
to  one  pint  of  Gasolene.  Apply  every  three  days  with 
nail  or  tooth  brush.  Shake  contents  of  the  bottle  well 
each  time  before  applying. 

I  may  add  that  this  is  a  very  difficult  blemish  to  treat 
and  is  not  always  successful,  so  do  not  be  discouraged  if 
the  enlargements  do  not  disappear,  but  the  above  pre- 
scription has  proven  the  most  successful  of  any  treat- 
ment I  have  personally  used  in  my  private  practice. 


WOLF  OR  SUPERNUMERARY  TEETH 
Wolf  Teeth  are  comparatively  small  in  size  and  have 
only  one  root  and  are  found  just  in  front  of  the  upper 
molar  teeth.  Sometimes  they  do  harm,  but  that  is  an 
exception  and  not  the  rule.  They  can  be  easily  removed 
with  a  pair  of  small  forceps  or  they  may  be  punched  out 
in  some  instances. 

I  think  they  interfere  with  the  eyes,  causing  them  to 
become  watery  and  inflamed  due  to  the  tooth  exerting 
some  influence  upon  the  ophthalmic  division  of  the  fifth 
nerve. 


S6  THE    VETERINARIAN 

Supernumerary  Teeth :  Tooth  substance  may  develop 
in  almost  any  part  of  the  body.  These  are  called  Super- 
numerary Teeth  and  are  most  commonly  found  in  the 
testicles,  ovaries  and  sinuses  of  the  head,  etc. 


WOUNDS 

Wounds  caused  by  external  injuries  have  a  general  re- 
semblance, and  whether  clean-cut,  punctured,  lacerated, 
poisonous,  gunshot,  etc.,  require  practically  the  same 
treatment. 

Treatment;  Wash  with  a  Carbolic  solution,  one  ta- 
blespoonful  to  one  pint  of  distilled  water. 

Sewing  of  Wounds  :  I  cannot  say  that  I  am  in  favor 
of  sewing  wounds  unless  they  are  gaping  or  wide  open. 

After  the  wound  is  washed,  dust  with  Iodoform,  Bo- 
racic  Acid  and  Tannic  Acid,  each  one  ounce.  Powder  finely 
and  place  in  a  sifter  top  can  and  apply  twice  daily. 
Cord  or  heavy  thread  may  be  used  for  sewing  the  wound 
after  being  saturated  in  a  Carbolic  Acid  solution,  using 
a  large  darning  needle.  If  the  animal  is  vicious,  place  a 
twitch  on  his  nose  or  it  may  be  necessary  to  throw  him. 


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DISEASES  OF  CATTLE 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


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CHAPTER  II 


ABSCESSES 

Cause:  Bruises  and  injuries.  They  are  also  seen  in 
complication  with,  various  other  diseases,  as  Laryngitis, 
Pharyngitis,  Tuberculosis,  Lump  Jaw,  Blood  Poison  or 
Pyemia  and  Septicemia. 

Symptoms  :  Symptoms  will  vary  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  disease  or  injury.  It  may  not  be  noticed  at 
first,  but  upon  careful  examination  swollen  lines  will  be 
observed  running  from  the  point  of  swelling.  In  many 
cases  a  swelling  is  noticed  which  is  hot,  painful  and 
throbbing,  which  enlarges  rapidly  in  two  or  three  days. 
The  swelling  and  heat  gradually  disappear  but  the 
Abscess  continues  to  grow.  The  hair  falls  from  the 
point  of  swelling  and  in.  a  short  time  breaks  and  dis- 
charges pus.  The  cavity  gradually  fills  up  and  heals 
by  granulation. 

Tkeatment  :  In  all  cases,  hasten  the  ripening  process 
•as  much  as  possible  by  applying  hot  water  packs  or  hot 
bran,  flaxseed  or  vegetable  poultices.  It  is  common  %vith 
Veterinarians  to  lance  an  Abscess  as  soon  as  possible, 
but  this  requires  considerable  skill  and  practice  and  I 
would  advise  stock  owners  to  be  very  cautious  when 
performing  this  operation,  as  there  is  great  danger  of 
cutting  arteries  which  would  cause  excessive  bleeding. 
A  very  good  plan  is  to  encourage  the  full  ripening  of 
an  Abscess,  as  above  stated.  When  opened,  do  not 
squeeze  the  Abscess  to  any  extent,  but  press  gently  with 
clean  hands  or  cloth  to  remove  the  core  or  clot.  After 
this,  just  simply  keep  the  Abscess  open  by  washing  with 
a  three  per  cent  Carbolic  Acid  solution,  or  Bichloride  of 
Mercury,  one  in  one  thousand  solution.  Hyposulphite 
of  Soda  in  ounce  doses  should  be  given  two   or   three 

89 


90  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

times  a  day  in  their  drinking  water.    This  will  prevent 
the  absorption  of  impurities  from  the  abscess  into  the 

blood  circulation.  

ABORTION 
(Non-Contagious) 

Cause:  Injuries  from  slipping  or  falling  on  icy 
roads,  in  box  cars,  and  deep  gutters;  receiving  blows 
on  the  body,  keeping  the  animal  in  insanitary  stables, 
eating  poor  food  that  may  be  irritating  or  poisonous, 
etc.  In  such  cases,  the  cow's  vitality  is  low  so  that  the 
foetus  dies  and  is  expelled  as  a  result.  Losing  large 
quantities  of  blood  also  produces  Abortion,  or  a  cow 
heavy  with  calf,  on  being  placed  in  the  same  quarters 
with  the  cows  that  retain  their  afterbirth,  is  liable  to 
abort.  Intestinal  worms,  lung  worms,  liver  flukes,  caus- 
ing an  excessive  drain  upon  the  system  or  producing 
irritation  of  the  digestive  organs,  in  consequence  of 
which  coY\^  gets  very  poor  and  emaciated.  The  above 
mentioned  are  perhaps  the  most  common  causes  of 
*^Non-Contagious  Abortion." 

Symptoms:  The  cow  is  uneasy,  becomes  separated 
from  the  herd,  the  bag  and  vagina  may  be  slightly  in- 
flamed and  perhaps  the  latter  discharging.  If  a  cow 
heavy  with  calf  craves  the  chewing  and  eating  of  dirt, 
rags,  nails,  etc.,  this  is  a  sign  of  a  lack  of  iron  or  phos- 
phorus in  her  system  and  food  containing  these  elements 
should  be  provided. 

Preventive  Treatment:  Provide  clean,  warm,  com- 
fortable quarters,  good  food,  pure  water  to  drink,  do 
not  subject  her  to  any  injuries,  do  not  permit  her  com- 
ing in  contact  with  cows  retaining  their  afterbirth. 

The  above  mentioned  is  very  important,  especially  if 
the  cows  are  valuable  and  a  large  yield  of  milk  is  ex- 
pected. If  they  have  worms,  treat  the  same  as  under 
their  special  heading.  If  they  have  a  loss  of  blood  or 
a  lack  of  mineral  matter  in  their  system,  the  following 
is  very  efficient:     Pulv.  Ferri  Sulphate,  four  ounces; 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  91 

Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces;  Pulv.  Fenugreek  Seed, 
four  ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  sixteen  powders.  Give 
one  powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  feed  or  place  in 
a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 


AMAUROSIS    OF    THE    EYE 

Cause:     Paralysis  of  the  optic  nerve. 

Symptoms:  Pupil  fully  dilated  and  of  a  glassy  ap- 
pearance. This  condition  is  sometimes  called  **  Glass 
Eye.*'  The  cow  carries  the  head  high  and  steps  high. 
This  condition  is  very  uncommon  in  cattle. 

Treatment  :  Nothing  can  be  done  for  a  cow  if  she  is 
blind,  but  this  condition  may  be  prevented  if  detected  in 
its  early  stages  of  development  by  the  proper  feeding 
of  nourishing  food,  good  clean  surroundings  and  the  ad- 
ministration of  nerve  tonics,  as  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  four 
ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Eoot,  four  ounces;  Potassium 
Iodide,  three  ounces.  Make  into  twenty-four  powders 
and  place  one  powder  in  feed  two  or  three  times  daily; 
or  make  into  twenty-four  capsules  and  give  one  capsule 
two  or  three  times  a  day  with  capsule  gun. 


ANTHRAX 

Anthrax  is  a  very  contagious  disease  and  is  com- 
municable to  all  warm  blooded  animals  and  man. 

Cause:  Due  to  the  presence  of  a  germ  called  the 
Bacillus  of  Anthrax  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  diseases 
attributed  to  germs.  These  Bacilli  thrive  in  warm 
climates,  although  found  in  cold  countries.  The  infec- 
tion is  carried  to  various  parts  of  the  world  by  box-cars, 
ships,  hides,  hoofs,  horns,  wool  and  hair  taken  from  sick 
or  dead  animals  affected  with  Anthrax.  This,  perhaps, 
is  the  most  common  method  of  spreading  the  disease. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite,  grinding  of  the  teeth 
indicating  great  pain,  trembling  of  the  muscles,  tem- 
perature elevated  to  104°  or  106°  F.,  breathing  very 
rapid,  pulse  fast  and  weak,  hair  rough.    There  are  some 


92  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

cases  where  tlie  animals  are  seizied  quickly  with  the 
disease  and  die  very  suddenly.  This  form  resembles 
apoplexy.  Carbuncles  or  Abscesses  are  seen  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  body  in  nearly  all  cases,  also  a  bloody  dis- 
charge from  the  mouth  and  nose.  The  animal  may 
stamp  the  ground,  rear  in  the  air,  run  and  finally  go  into 
convulsions  and  die.  This  is  termed  **the  furious  form 
of  Anthrax.'' 

Tkeatment:  Prevention  is  the  most  important. 
Fields  or  pastures  that  are  infected  with  this  disease 
should  be  burned  every  summer  if  possible,  to  destroy 
the  germs.  The  animals  that  succumb  to  the  disease 
should  be  buried  deeply  and  quicklime  thrown  upon 
them,  also  any  blood  stains  upon  the  ground  should  have 
a  strong  disinfectant  thrown  upon  them.  The  hide  of 
such  an  animal  should  not  be  used  as  the  person  remov- 
ing it  is  likel^^  to  contract  the  same  disease,  especially 
if  an  abrasion  is  present  on  the  hand,  or  such  a  hide  or 
any  portion  thereof  is  likely  to  spread  the  infection  after 
reaching  the  tannery,  etc. 

Medical  Treatment  or  Serum  Treatment:  This  is 
the  only  thorough  method  of  eradicating  the  disease,  and 
when  this  disease  once  becomes  prevalent  in  a  locality 
the  services  of  a  competent  Veterinarian  should  be  se- 
cured and  all  the  animals  inoculated. 


BARRENNESS 
(Failure  to  Breed) 

Cause  :  Wasting  or  Atrophy,  chronic  inflammation  of 
the  mucous  membrane  lining  the  organs  of  generation, 
Whites,  absence  or  excessive  secretions  of  the  organs 
of  generation,  contraction  or  displacement  of  the  womb, 
horns  being  telescoped  or  twisted,  cysts  or  growths  of 
the  ovaries,  in-breeding  or  being  a  twin,  are  the  predis- 
posing causes  of  Barrenness. 

Treatment:  Unsuccessful  as  a  rule.  Unless  the  cow 
is  very  valuable,  treatment  is  not  advisable.    A  careful 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  93 

examination,  however,  is  recommended.  If  due  to  con- 
traction of  the  neck  of  the  womb  it  can  be  readily  dilated 
by  the  use  of  the  hand,  after  being  greased  with  Car- 
bolated  Sweet  Oil  before  attempting  to  perform  the  oper- 
ation.   

BLACK   LEG 

(Symptomatic  Anthrax — Black  Quarter) 
Cause:  Due  to  germs.  The  Bacillus  of  Black  Leg 
perhaps  gains  entrance  to  the  blood  by  wounds  of  the 
skin  or  the  mucous  membranes  lining  the  mouth  and  the  ,, 
intestines.  This  disease  principally  affects  cattle,  al- 
though sheep  and  goats  may  become  affected  with  the 
same  disease. 

Symptoms:  This  disease  affects  cattle  that  are  in 
good  condition  between  the  ages  of  six  months  and  two 
years.  In  most  cases  death  is  very  sudden,  and  perhaps 
the  animal  is  found  dead.  The  first  symptoms  are  high 
temperatures  from  104°  to  108°  F.,  loss  of  appetite,  the 
animal  stops  chewing  the  cud,  breathing  considerably 
hurried,  the  joints  of  the  limbs  become  swollen,  also  the 
chest  and  shoulders.  All  the  swellings  are  painful  on 
pressure  and  spread  very  rapidly  over  the  body.  The 
affected  animals  move  with  great  difficulty  and  lie  down 
frequently.  If  the  hand  is  passed  over  the  body,  there 
is  a  peculiar  crackling  sound  due  to  the  gas  developing 
under  the  skin.  At  the  most  distended  portions  of  the 
swellings,  the  skin  becomes  dry  and  the  animal  apparent-, 
ly  has  no  sense  of  feeling.  If  the  skin  is  punctured  at 
this  place,  there  will  be  a  dark-red,  frothy  discharge 
which  has  a  very  disagreeable  odor.  There  will  be  a 
shivering  of  the  muscles  and  the  animal  dies  from  con- 
vulsions. 

Treatment  :  Eemove  non-affected  animals  to  non-in- 
fected pastures,  and  confine  affected  animals  to  as  small 
a  territory  as  possible.  The  carcasses  of  the  dead  ani- 
mals should  be  buried  deep  and  covered  with  lime  or 
burned,  being  very  careful  that  all  blood  stains  on  the 


94  THE   VETERINARIAN 

ground  where  the  animals  have  been  skinned  are 
thoroughly  disinfected.  Inoculation  is  necessary,  and  is 
the  best  form  of  treatment  in  localities  where  Black  Leg 
exists.  Inoculate  or^  vaccinate  the  calves  when  six 
months  old  or  over,  although  after  the  animal  reaches 
the  age  of  two  years  or  over  they  generally  become  im- 
mune from  this  disease. 


BLEEDING 

(Hemorrhage) 

Cause:  Sometimes  bleeding  follows  dehorning,  cas- 
tration, and  wounds  due  to  various  other  causes. 

Tkeatment:  When  bleeding  from  a  large  artery,  it 
should  be  tied  with  a  clean  silk  or  linen  thread  or  twisted 
with  a  pair  of  forceps  or  cauterized  with  a  hot  iron. 
Sometimes  compression  by  the  use  of  tightly  bound 
bandages  proves  effective,  although  the  former  appli- 
ances are  more  practical.  Tincture  Chloride  of  Iron  ap- 
plied to  small  arteries  or  veins  causes  the  blood  to  clot 
in  the  arteries  or  veins  and  hence  stops  the  Hemorrhage. 
It  is  very  essential  that  all  wounds  should  be  treated 
antiseptically  and  I  cannot  say  that  I  favor  washing  a 
wound  with  water  only  in  cases  where  the  wound  is  very 
filthy,  and  I  prefer  powder  applications  in  preference  to 
any  other  antiseptics.  The  following  will  be  found  very 
effective  in  the  treatment  of  the  majority  of  wounds: 
Boracic  Acid,  two  ounces;  Iodoform,  two  drams;  Tan- 
nic Acid,  one-half  ounce;  Calomel,  one  dram.  Powder 
finely  and  mix  well.  Place  in  sifter  top  can  and  apply 
two  or  three  times  daily. 


BLOATING 

A  very  common  disorder  in  cattle  and  characterized 
by  a  puifed  up  appearance  of  the  left  flank.  The  cow 
has  four  stomachs  of  which  the  rumen  is  the  largest, 
its  capacity  being  about  fifty  gallons  in  the  average  cow, 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  95 

and  it  is  this  stomack  which  fills  with  gas  when  a  cow 
bloats. 

Cause:  Eating  green  clover  or  alfalfa;  even  when  a 
cow  is  accustomed  to  this  diet,  it  may  cause  bloating  if 
wet  with  dew  or  rain;  cured  alfalfa,  moldy  or  frozen 
mangles  will  also  produce  bloating;  the  above  mentioned 
foods  undergo  a  process  of  fermentation  which  causes 
excessive  formation  of  gas,  and  death  may  result  very 
quickly  and  may  be  due  to  rupture  of  the  stomach  or  the 
diaphragm  (muscle  separating  the  abdominal  and  lung 
cavities),  but  is  more  often  due  to  suffocation  caused 
by  the  distension  of  the  stomach  which  becomes  so  large 
that  it  presses  the  diaphragm  forward  against  the  lungs 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  stop  their  movement  and  the  ani- 
mal smothers.  When  the  cow  falls,  it  indicates  that  one 
of  these  possibilities  has  occurred  and  death  follows 
quickly. 

Symptoms:  Cattle  usually  bloat  suddenly  and  with- 
out warning;  the  left  flank  becomes  abnormally  swollen; 
back  is  arched,  breathing  labored ;  sometimes  the  tongue 
hangs  out  and  the  animal  bellows.  When  rupture  or 
suffocation  occurs  the  animal  reels,  staggers,  and  falls, 
after  which  nothing  more  can  be  done. 

Tkeatment:  No  time  should  be  lost.  Where  the 
stomach  is  enormously  distended  with  gas  so  as  to  cause 
the  animals  to  stagger  and  breathe  very  rapidly,  they 
should  be  gagged.  This  can  be  easily  accomplished  by 
taking  a  piece  of  wood  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  and 
eight  inches  to  one  foot  long,  placing  it  in  their  mouth 
and  retaining  it  in  that  position  by  tying  a  string  on  each 
end  and  placing  it  back  of  the  ears.  If  this  does  not  give 
relief  immediately,  puncture  the  left  flank  about  five 
inches  downward  and  forward  from  the  angle  of  hip  bone. 
However,  puncturing  should  not  be  resorted  to  only  in 
cases  where  death  threatens  the  animal,  as  abscesses, 
infection  and  severe  hemorrhage  may  follow.  A  very 
reliable  medical  treatment  for  this  condition  should  be 


'96  THE    VETEEINAEIAN 

in  the  medicine  chest  of  every  stockman,  such  as  Pulv. 
;;TMJrln.  r^il  nf  Tnrpmtinr  Vifjhiwmnn  nnnnn  V]irr  in 
gelatin  capsules.  This  is  a  very  efficient  remedy  for  the 
eradication  of  excessive  fermentation  of  gases  in  the 
stomach  or  bloating.        

BLOOD   POISON 

(Pyemia — Septicaemia) 

Cause  :  Due  to  a  septic  infection  taken  into  the  blood, 
frequently  found  in  cows  with  retained  afterbirths,  fol- 
lowing inflammation  of  the  womb  or  intestines,  wounds 
and  bruises  of  the  skin  and  frequently  found  in  calves 
affected  with  Joint  111. 

Symptoms:  High  temperature  103°  to  107°  F.,  pulse 
rapid  and  feeble,  breathing  increased,  grinding  of  the 
teeth,  the  animal  refuses  to  eat  in  most  cases  and  ceases 
to  chew  the  cud,  although  there  may  be  great  thirst 
present.  Abscesses  may  form  in  various  parts  of  the 
body,  the  membranes  of  the  eyes  and  mouth  will  be  in- 
jected with  blood,  giving  them  a  dark-red  appearance, 
although  in  the  latter  stages  of  Blood  Poison  this  may 
change  to  a  yellowish  tinge.  Constipation  or  Diarrhoea 
may  be  connected  with  the  disease.  The  animal  dies  by 
general  emaciation  from  four  to  six  days  after  the  first 
symptoms  are  noticed. 

Treatment  :  Unsuccessful,  as  when  the  infection  once 
becomes  absorbed  in  the  blood  it  is  always  certain  that 
death  will  follow.  If  due  to  injuries  or  wounds,  wash 
them  with  Bichloride  solution,  one  part  to  one  thousand 
parts  of  water,  but  if  due  to  retained  afterbirth  or  in- 
flammation of  the  womb,  inject  one  gallon  of  distilled 
water  containing  five  per  cent  Carbolic  Acid.  If  in  young 
calves,  treat  the  same  as  under  the  heading  of  Joint  HI. 
If  due  to  inflammation  of  fhe  intestines,  give  H^t)osu1- 
phite  of  Soda,  two  ounces;  Potassi  Iodide,  one  dram, 
two  or  three  times  a  day  in  their  drinking  water.  When 
abscesses  form,  lance  them  with  a  clean,  sharp  knife.    If 


DISEASES    OF   CATTLE  97 

the  animal  is  constipated  place  two  drams  of  Aloin,  two 
drams  of  Pulv.  Gentian  Root  in  a  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  If  Diarrhoea  is  present  give  Gum  Catechu, 
two  drams ;  Protah,  three  drams ;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates, 
one  grain.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  cap- 
sule gun.  Feed  warm  wheat  bran  mashes,  steamed 
rolled  oats,  vegetables  and  green  grass,  if  possible. 


BLOODY    FLUX 
(Dysentery) 

Cause:  Chilling  of  the  outer  surface  of  the  body. 
Improper  feeding,  as  contaminated  food  or  water,  some- 
times connected  with  parasitic  diseases  of  the  intestines. 

Symptoms  :  Dysentery  is  a  sign  of  some  irritation  of 
the  intestines  terminating  into  increased  contractions  of 
muscular  fibers  of  the  bowels.  The  fecal  matter,  if  fre- 
quently expelled,  at  first  consists  of  a  thick  feces,  but 
as  the  disease  progresses  the  fecal  matter  becomes  very 
thin  and  watery  and  tinged  with  blood  and  very  of- 
fensive. When  the  first  signs  are  noticed  the  animals 
show  no  constitutional  disturbances,  but  later  they  ex- 
hibit abdominal  pain  by  looking  around  to  the  flank.  At 
this  stage  they  are  very  weak,  throwing  the  feet  well  to- 
gether, giving  the  back  an  arched  appearance,  and  are 
very  uneasy  although  they  may  lie  down  frequently. 
Temperature  elevated  from  one  to  three  degrees.  The 
animal  becomes  emaciated  and  eventually  dies. 

Tkeatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it  if 
possible.  Keep  the  animal  quiet.  Give  pure  water  to 
drink  in  small  quantities  but  often.  If  the  animal  will 
eat,  feed  steamed  rolled  oats,  etc.  Flaxseed  tea  is  very 
beneficial,  as  it  is  soothing  to  the  intestines  and  assists 
in  removing  the  irritations.  Pour  one  quart  of  boiling 
water  on  one-half  pint  of  pure  Flaxseed,  allowing  it  to 
cool,  then  compel  the  animal  to  drink  it.  The  follow- 
ing prescription  will  be  found  very  effective  in  all  forms 


98 


THE   VETEEINAEIAN 


of  Diarrhoea:  Tannic  Acid,  one  ounce;  Prolan,  Uo 
ounces-  Gum  Catechu,  two  ounces;  Beechwood  Creosote, 
Jour  scruples;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  exght  grains. 
Make  into  eight  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  every 
three  or  four  hours  with  capsule  gun. 


D.IEY   HeKD  AT   O.VKLA.VN   F..KM,  W..'NE,  toS-       (DUNHAMS.) 

-  BLOODY    MILK 
Cause  •    Bloody  Milk  may  he  the  result  of  injury,  con- 
geS::   inflammation  of  the  udder.     Feeing   on   nch 
milk-producing  food  suddenly  may  Prodnce  xt     Bloody 
Milk  is  also  produced  in  a  cow  by  excitement  when 
heat  or  from  eating  resinous  plants  or  shrubs 

Tkbatmeht:    It  is  advisable  m  most  cases  to  g  ve 
physic  consisting  of  two  drams  of  ^^°'\^^^  .f'"".^^ 
two  drams.     Also  administer  Potassium  N^^rate^ou 
ounces;  Potassium  Chlorate,  two  o:^-°^;^;"^^^^,f;3 
capsules  and  give  one  capsule  twice  d^^Jy  ^^^^^  ^^^ 
onin.     If  due  to  rich  food,  reduce  it.    If  due  to  eating 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  99 

resinous  plants,  remove  them  from  the  pasture  contain- 
ing such  shrubbery.  Where  congestion  or  inflammation 
of  the  bag  is  thought  to  produce  it,  apply  Hot  Water 
Packs,  then  dry  and  apply  Blue  Ointment  and  Cam- 
phorated Ointment,  equal  parts,  two  ounces.  Mix  well 
and  rub  on  thoroughly  two  or  three  times  a  day. 


BLUE   MILK 

Cause:  This  condition  is  due  to  a  germ  (the  Bacillus 
Cyanogenes)  which  may  occur  in  rich  milk  or  cream 
immediately  after  being  drawn  or  the  germ  may  find 
its  way  into  the  opening  of  the  teat. 

Treatment:  Injections  into  the  teat  of  a  solution 
composed  of  the  following:  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  two 
drams ;  Boracic  Acid,  one  dram,  dissolved  in  one  pint  of 
boiling  water.  Permit  to  cool  and  inject  a  small  quan- 
tity in  each  teat  once  or  twice  a  day  for  three  or  four 
days.  This  will  destroy  the  Blue  Milk  producing  germ 
without  any  injuries  to  the  cow,  udder  or  teats. 


BRONCHITIS 

Cause:  Inhaling  irritating  gases  or  foreign  bodies. 
It  is  commonly  seen  after  drenching  from  liquid  escap- 
ing into  the  windpipe  instead  of  going  down  the  gullet. 
Animals  exposed  to  cold,  wet  weather  when  not  accus- 
tomed to  it  frequently  develop  Bronchitis. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite,  chilling,  temperature 
elevated  two  or  three  degrees  above  normal,  ears  and 
legs  cold,  nose  hot  and  dry,  breathing  short  and  labored, 
painful  coughing,  slight  discharge  from  the  nostrils  and 
saliva  oozing  from  the  mouth.  If  the  ear  is  placed 
over  the  lower  portion  of  the  neck,  a  crepitating  sound 
can  be  heard. 

Treatment  :  Place  the  animal  in  a  clean,  comfortable 
stall  where  there  is  .pure  air  and  light  but  no  drafts. 
Clothe  the  body  if  the  weather  is  cold.  Hand  rub  tlie 
legs  and  bandage  with  woolen  cToths.    Give  inhalations 


100  THE   VETERINARIAN 

of  steam  from  Hot  Water  and  Pine  Tar  for  twenty  min- 
utes two  or  three  times  a  day.  Also  administer  Nux 
Vomica,  four  ounces;  Ginger,  four  ounces;  Nitrate  of 
Potash,  four  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen  capsules  and 
give  one  capsule  every  four  hours.  Applications  of  the 
following  liniment  are  of  some  value:  Aqua  Ammonia 
Fort.,  three  ounces;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  three  ounces; 
Sweet  Oil,  six  ounces.  Apply  over  the  region  of  the 
windpipe  the  full  length  of  the  neck. 


CALF    SCOURS 

(Cholera — White  Scours — Bloody  Flux) 
Cause  :  It  is  produced  by  a  specific  germ  and  is  com- 
municated by  direct  or  indirect  contact  with  the  germ 
which  may  gain  entrance  into  the  blood  by  the  umbilical 
cord  at  or  shortly  after  birth  or  through  the  digestive 
canal  by  drinking  milk  or  eating  food  contaminated 
with  the  disease-producing  germ.  The  more  common 
means  of  spreading  the  disease  is  through  pails,  drink- 
ing troughs,  etc. 

Symptoms:  One  of  the  most  deadly  forms  of  Diar- 
rhoea. This  usually  appears  a  few  days  after  birth,  al- 
though in  some  cases  it  takes  several  days  for  it  to  de- 
velop. Every  sign  of  Diarrhoea  is  present,  as  frequent 
passages  of  feces  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  frothy  and 
very  offensive  in  odor.  The  calf  is  very  dull,  weak,  back 
arched,  hair  rough,  eyes  glassy  and  sunken  back  in  their 
sockets,  belly  retracted,  breathing  short  and-  fast.  The 
calf  finally  lies  flat  on  the  side,  head  resting  on  the  floor 
or  ground  with  a  temperature  generally  below  normal. 
The  calf  finally  becomes  unconscious  and  death  follows. 
Treatment  :  Give  Protan,  three  ounces ;  Zinc  Sulpho- 
carbolates,  eight  grains;  Gum  Catechu,  powdered,  two 
^ ounces;  Ginger,  one  ounce;  Beechwood  Creosote,  one 
dram.  Make  into  eight  capsules  and  give  one  capsule 
every  two  hours  until  relieved.  When  the  calf  will  take 
its  feed,  if  not  nursing  its  mother,  see  that  the  milk  is 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  101 

pure  and  the  utensil  containing  it  thoroughly  scalded 
with  hot  water.  Keep  the  animal  in  clean,  sanitary 
quarters,  as  quiet  as  possible  for  a  few  days,  and  if  the 
disease  is  not  too  far  advanced  a  good  recovery  will 
follow.  

CALVING 

Signs  of  Normal  Calving  are  firmness  and  enlargement 
of  the  udder,  extending  well  forward  following  the  milk 
veins.  The  teats  as  a  rule  discharge  a  thin  milky  fluid, 
relaxation  of  the  muscles  on  each  side  of  the  croup  or 
the  base  of  the  tail.  The  outer  surface  of  the  womb  be- 
comes swollen  and  inflamed,  discharging  sticky,  stringy, 
transparent  mucus.  The  cow  becomes  uneasy,  stops  eat- 
ing, and  if  in  a  pasture  becomes  separated  from  the  rest 
of  the  herd;  will  lie  down  and  get  up  alternately  as  if  in 
great  agony.  When  birth  pains  start,  the  back  is  arched, 
and  a  severe  straining  follows  the  contraction  of  the 
abdominal  muscles.  The  membranes  covering  the  foetus 
will  be  the  first  to  make  their  appearance,  engorged  with 
a  fluid  from  the  womb.  This  is  commonly  known  as  the 
water  bag,  which  eventually  bursts  and  the  two  fore  feet 
can  be  seen,  and,  as  the  animal  continues  to  strain,  the 
nose  and  head  will  be  next  to  be  seen.  When  the  calf's 
shoulders  are  exposed,  the  cow  as  a  rule  rises  suddenly 
to  her  feet  and  the  entire  calf  is  expelled,  also  the  mem- 
branes surrounding  it,  but  the  membranes  next  to  the 
womb,  as  a  general  rule,  remain  longer  and  sometimes 
require  artificial  assistance  to  remove  them.  (See  Re- 
tention of  the  Afterbirth.)  Destroy  the  foetal  mem- 
branes by  burning  or  burying  them  deeply.  Do  not  per- 
mit the  cow  to  eat  them.  Wash  the  calf's  navel  with 
Bichloride  of  Mercury,  one  part  to  one  thousand  parts 
water,  once  or  twice  a  day  until  the  navel  is  thoroughly 
dry,  as  an  infection  may  follow,  producing  Joint  111  or 
Scours,  from  which  death  may  result. 

Abnormal  Calving:     This  is  a  condition  where  the 


102  THE    VETERINARIAN 

foetus  is  not  normally  presented,  as  that  just  described. 
Their  feet  may  be  presented  in  a  normal  manner,  but 
the  head  and  neck  twisted  back  or  to  one  side,  or  the 
head  and  one  fore  foot  may  be  presented  normally,  while 
the  other  fore  foot  is  doubled  back,  or  there  may  be  a 
breech  presentation  as  the  rump  of  a  foetus  with  both 
hind  feet  thrown  close  to  its  body.  This  is  a  very  diffi- 
cult presentation,  especially  if  in  a  young  animal.  A 
foetus  abnormally  presented  requires  good  judgment 
and  cleanliness,  also  lubrication  of  the  walls  of  the  womb 
with  unsalted  Lard,  Cotton  or  Sweet  Oil.  Endeavor  to 
place  the  foetus  in  as  near  a  normal  position  as  possi- 
ble before  any  force  is  used  in  its  delivery,  although 
where  both  hind  feet  are  presented,  it  is  advisable  to  re- 
move it  in  this  position.  The  hands  and  ropes  should  be 
clean  and  washed  with  a  ^ve  per  cent  solution  of  Carbolic 
Acid.  It  is  not  only  dangerous  to  the  animal,  but  to  the 
operator  as  well,  if  proper  antiseptic  precautions  are  not 
practiced. 

Space  does  not  permit  me  going  into  details  on  various 
foetal  presentations  nor  does  it  permit  me  to  explain  the 
exact  methods  or  operations  I  would  use  in  each  par- 
ticular case.  Nevertheless,  good  judgment  and  cleanli- 
ness are  important.  Do  not  hurry.  Take  your  time,  and 
you  will  be  successful  in  most  cases. 

When  the  foetus  is  removed,  and  the  afterbirth  does 
not  come  away  within  twelve  or  eighteen  hours,  remove 
it.  (See  Retention  of  Afterbirth,  which  will  describe  its 
means  of  attachment  and  its  removal.) 


CASTING    THE    WITHERS 

(Eversion  of  the  Womb) 
Cause:  Failure  of  the  womb  to  contract  after  Calv- 
ing. If  the  womb  contracts  naturally  and  the  afterbirth 
expelled,  the  cavity  of  the  womb  is  nearly  closed  and 
the  neck  of  the  womb  becomes  so  narrow  that  the  hand 
cannot  be  inserted.     When  the  womb  fails  to  contract, 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  103 

one  or  both  horns  of  the  womb  become  so  relaxed  that 
they  fall  into  the  cavity  causing  straining  and  contraction 
of  the  abdominal  muscles,  forcing  the  womb  out  grad- 
ually until  the  organ  is  turned  inside  out.  The  womb 
can  be  easily  distinguished  from  the  other  membranes 
on  account  of  the  presence  of  sixty  to  eighty  mushroom- 
like bodies  (cotyledons)  two  to  four  inches  in  diameter 
attached  to  the  walls  of  the  womb  by  a  narrow  neck. 
The  womb  when  hanging  out  becomes  engorged  with 
blood  and  inflamed  until  it  is  as  large  as  a  grain  sack, 
very  dark  in  color,  tears  and  bleeds  with  the  slightest 
touch.    Later  it  becomes  lacerated  and  gangrenous. 

Symptoms:  At  first,  the  general  health  is  not  very 
much  interfered  with,  but  the  inflammation  which  is 
marked  by  an  elevation  in  temperature  becomes  very 
noticeable,  accompanied  by  severe  straining  and  exhaus- 
tion. The  animal  lies  down,  but  continues  to  strain  until 
death,  unless  relief  is  afforded  the  animal  at  once. 

Treatment:  Great  care  must  be  exercised.  The 
parts  of  the  womb  coming  in  contact  with  the  cow's  hips, 
tail  or  floors  must  be  thoroughly  washed  with  a  five  per 
cent  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid,  using  a  soft  cloth  or 
sponge  to  remove  dirt,  clots,  etc.  Place  the  cow  in  a  posi- 
tion so  as  to  have  her  hind  quarters  much  higher  than 
the  head,  and  then  endeavor  to  replace  the  womb.  After 
washing  as  stated  above,  bandage  the  tail  with  a  clean 
cloth;  have  an  assistant  hold  up  the  womb  and  the  opera- 
tor use  gentle  manipulation  and  pressure  with  clean 
hands :  this  perhaps  is  the  best  method  of  replacing  the 
womb.  Then  follow  by  flushing  out  the  womb  with  a 
weak  Carbolic  Acid  solution  and  luke  warm  water.  This 
has  a  tendency  to  straighten  out  the  horns  of  the  uterus 
and  prevent  infection.  If  the  cow  continues  to  strain, 
give  Potassium  Bromide  in  ounce  doses  every  two  or 
three  hours  in  her  drinking  water,  or  place  in  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun. 

Sometimes  stimulants  and  tonics  are  necessary  and 


104  THE   VETERINARIAN 

the  following  will  be  found  very  effective:  Pulv.  Nux 
Vomica,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces; 
Pulv.  Ferri  Sulphate,  four  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen 
capsules  and  give  one  capsule  every  six  hours  with  cap- 
sule gun. 

It  is  well  to  compel  the  animal  to  stand  or  lie  with 
the  hind  parts  elevated,  until  the  signs  of  straining  have 

ceased.  

CATARACT    OF   THE   EYE 

Cause  :  Is  due  to  deep  seated  inflammation  of  the  eye 
produced  by  an  injury  or  weakened  condition  of  the  optic 
nerve. 

Symptoms:  If  the  pupil  of  one  of  the  eyes  appears 
larger  than  the  other  it  is  well  to  make  a  careful  ex- 
amination, as  this  is  the  first  sign  of  Cataract.  If  such 
a  condition  is  neglected,  partial  or  complete  blindness 
will  follow  and  a  white,  pearly  deposit  can  be  seen  on 
the  lens  of  the  eye. 

Treatment  :  Very  unsatisfactory  unless  treated  care- 
fully when  the  first  signs  are  noticed.  Place  the  animal 
in  a  darkened  stable.  Feed  clean,  sloppy  food  and  it 
may  be  necessary  to  give  a  physic  consisting  of  two 
drams  of  Aloin,  two  drams  of  Pulv.  Ginger,  placed  in  a 
capsule  and  given  with  capsule  gun.  The  following  oint- 
ment. Yellow  Oxide  of  Mercury,  four  grains;  Lanolin, 
one  ounce,  should  be  mixed  well  and  applied  to  the  eye 
two  or  three  times  a  day. 


CATARRH 

Cause  :  111  ventilated  stables,  inhalations  of  irritating 
gases  or  sudden  exposure  to  cold,  wet  weather,  after 
being  accustomed  to  warm  stables.  Most  commonly  seen 
in  the  Spring  or  Fall. 

Symptoms  :  Chilling  and  temperature  elevated  one  or 
two  degrees,  pulse  not  much  affected,  breathing  hurried 
to  some  extent,  sneezing,  coughing,  dullness  and  the  ap- 
petite is  slightly  impaired.    In  the  first  stages  the  nos- 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  105 

trils  are  very  dry  and  considerably  inflamed,  but  in  the 
course  of  a  few  days  the  fever  subsides  and  a  profuse 
discharge  from  the  nose  is  observed. 

Treatment:  Place  the  animal  in  dry,  well  ventilated 
stall,  blanket  well  and  supply  a  good  quality  and  quantity 
of  bedding.  Give  inhalations  from  steam  and  hot  water 
and  Pine  Tar.  If  the  animal  is  constipated,  give  rectal 
injections  of  Soap  and  Warm  Water  two  or  three  times  a 
day.  Also  administer  Potassium  Nitrate,  Pulv.  Nux 
Vomica,  each  four  ounces;  Capsicum,  two  ounces,  and 
Pulv.  Ginger  two  ounces.  Make  into  twenty-four  cap- 
sules and  give  one  capsule  three  or  four  times  a  day.  This 
should  not  be  neglected,  as  neglected  Catarrh  is  liable  to 
be  followed  by  Laryngitis,  Bronchitis,  Pneumonia,  Pleu- 
risy or  other  diseases  of  the  organs  of  breathing,  which 
are  very  serious  and  sometimes  cause  the  death  of  the 
animal.  

CHAPPED  TEATS 

Cause  :  Anything  that  tends  to  irritate  them.  A  sud- 
den chilling  of  the  teat  in  cold  weather  after  the  calf 
has  just  let  it  go,  or  after  the  operation  of  milking  with 
wet  hands  or  from  an  animal  wading  through  deep  water 
or  tall  wet  grass.  Also  filth  or  irritants  coming  in  con- 
tact with  teats  when  lying  down. 

Treatment:  Eemove  the  cause  if  possible  and  dry 
the  teats  well  after  each  milking  and  apply  Zinc  Oxide 
ointment.  Feed  laxative  food  that  is  easily  digested, 
as  it  has  a  very  good  effect  on  the  blood,  consequently 
it  ^7^:omotes  the  healing  of  wounds. 

.1 


fe!  CHOKING 

'  (Ohstructio7i  of  the  Esophagus) 

Cause  :  An  obstruction  of  the  Esophagus  (gullet)  pro- 
duced by  an  animal  attempting  to  swallow  apples,  pota- 
toes, roots,  dry  grain,  etc. 

SlYMPTOMs:    A  stringy  discharge  of  saliva  from  the 


106  THE    VETERINARIAN 

mouth,  violent  cougtiing,  wrencMng  of  the  head  and  neck. 
The  animal  will  bloat  very  quickly  if  the  Esophagus  or 
gullet  is  completely  obstructed. 

Teeatment:  The  obstruction  as  a  rule  is  easily  lo- 
cated, and  as  quickly  as  possible  withdraw  the  obstruc- 
tion by  inserting  the  hand  and  extracting  the  object.  Do 
not  attempt  to  push  the  object  down  into  the  stomach, 
except  as  a  last  resort,  as  there  is  a  great  deal  of  danger 
of  rupturing  the  Esophagus  or  gullet.  Push  the  object 
upward  by  gentle  manipulation  from  the  outside.  If  this 
fails,  a  smooth  piece  of  hose  about  eight  or  nine  feet  long,, 
well  greased  with  Lard,  Butter  or  Oil,  should  be  passed 
down  the  Esophagus  or  gaillet.  A  block  of  wood  about 
two  inches  in  diameter  with  a  hole  bored  through  the 
center  just  a  little  larger  than  the  hose,  placed  in  the 
mouth,  will  prevent  the  animal  from  biting  the  hose,  and 
make  the  operation  easier. 

When  the  animal  is  bloated  severely,  puncture  with  a 
knife  about  four  or  five  inches  from  the  point  of  the  hip 
downward  and  forward. 


CHRONIC    DYSENTERY 

(Bacterial  Dysentery — Jones  Disease) 

Cause  :  Acid-fast  Bacillus  resembling  the  Tubercular 
Bacillus  that  invade  the  intestines  by  the  way  of  the 
animal  drinking  water  or  eating  food  containing  the 
Acid-fast  Bacteria. 

Symptoms  :  Diarrhoea,  loss  of  flesh,  although  the  v^V' 
petite  is  good,  hair  becomes  dry  and  harsh,  temperature 
remains  about  normal.  The  Diarrhoea  becomes  persist- 
ent and  tinged  with  blood.  The  animal  becomes  eria- 
ciated  and  anemic,  exhausted,  and  death  follows.  This 
disease  may  continue  for  a  month  or  even  a  year  before 
death  takes  place.  However  this  is  very  uncommon. 
They  generally  die  very  shortly. 

Treatment:     Separate  the   affected  cattle  from  tlie 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  107 

healthy  ones.  All  fecal  matter  should  be  deeply  buried 
or  burned,  the  stalls,  barnyards,  also  thoroughly  disin- 
fected. Administration  of  medicine  thus  far  has  been 
unsatisfactory,  although  a  treatment  should  be  directed 
toward  the  intestines  with  internal  antiseptics  such  as 
Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  one  and  one-half  grains ;  Protan, 
three  drams ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  one  dram ;  Bismuth  Sub- 
nitrate,  one  dram.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  This  dose  should  be  repeated  three  or  four 
times  a  day.  Feed  a  good  quality  of  food,  such  as  wheat 
bran  mashes  or  steamed  rolled  oats  and  see  that  the 
water  supply  is  fresh  and  non-contaminated. 


COLIC 

Cause  :  Drinking  large  quantities  of  cold  water  when 
overheated.  However,  this  disorder  is  very  uncommon 
in  cattle  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  are  not  worked,  seldom 
overheated  and  drink  water  very  slowly. 

Symptoms  :  Kicking  or  raising  of  the  feet  to  the  belly. 
Lying  down  and  getting  up  alternately.  Distention  of 
the  stomach  or  paunch  with  gas.  The  animal  chills  or 
shivers,  etc. 

Treatment:  Strong  stimulants  or  tonics  as  the  fol- 
lowing will  give  immediate  results  if  administered  in  its 
first  stages :  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces ;  Pulv.  Gin- 
ger, two  ounces ;  Pulv.  Capsicum,  two  ounces.  Make  into 
eight  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  every  two  hours 
until  relieved.  Give  the  capsules  with  capsule  gun.  If 
severe  bloating  accompanies  a  case  of  Colic  in  cattle 
place  one  ounce  dose  of  Oil  of  Turpentine  in  ounce  cap- 
sules and  give  with  capsule  gun. 


CONGESTION    OF   THE    LUNGS 
Cause:     Cattle  permitted   to   stand  in  drafts   when 
warm  after  being  driven,  etc.,  irritating  drugs  escaping 
into  the  lungs  when  drenching,  as  it  is  very  difficult  for 
<?attle  to  swallow  when  their  heads  are  elevated. 


108 


THE   VETEEINAEIAN 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  109 

Symptoms:  Dullness.  The  animal  loses  its  spirits, 
so  to  speak,  usually  shivers  or  trembles.  When  this 
ceases,  the  temperature  riseslto  perhaps  105°  or  106°  F. 
The  ears  and  legs  grow  cold,  the  nose  hot  and  dry,  pulse 
rapid  but  firm,  breathing  short  and  labored,  a  short  hack- 
ing cough  will  be  present.  Such  animals  generally  re- 
main standing. 

Other  symptoms  are  constipation,  the  feces  covered 
with  mucus  or  a  slime,  great  thirst.  The  eyes  are  in- 
flamed and  look  glassy.  The  secretions  of  milk  are  sup- 
pressed, if  these  symptoms  develop  in  milking  cows. 

Tkeatment:  Place  the  animal  in  clean,  warm,  com- 
fortable quarters  permitting  light  and  as  much  pure  air 
as  possible,  but  avoid  drafts  and  blanket  the  animal  if 
chilly.  Hand  rub  the  legs  and  bandage  with  woolen 
cloths.  Administer  Pulv.  Carbonate  of  Ammonia,  four 
ounces;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  three  ounces;  Quinine,  two 
ounces ;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  two  ounces ;  Potassium  Iodide, 
one  ounce.  Make  into  twenty-four  capsules  and  give  one 
capsule  every  four  hours  with  capsule  gun.  Also  apply 
a  paste  made  from  Mustard  and  cold  water  over  the  lung 
cavities  just  back  of  the  fore  legs.  Apply  once  a  day 
and  perhaps  one  or  two  applications  will  be  sufficient. 

If  this  disease  is  treated  when  the  first  symptoms  de- 
velop, a  good  recovery  will  follow.  Feed  easily  digested 
food  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes  or  steamed  rolled  oats, 
vegetables  and  green  grass  if  possible. 


CONTAGIOUS  ABORTION 

(Infectious  Abortion) 

Cause:  Due  to  a  germ  (Bacillus  Abortus)  coming  in 
direct  contact  with  the  genital  organs  of  a  bull  or  cow 
and  can  be  indefinitely  transmitted  from  one  herd  to  an- 
other by  infected  bulls  serving  healthy  cows,  or  infected 
cows  when  served  transmit  the  infection  to  healthy  bulls. 
Healthy  cows  become  infected  by  their  genital  organs 


110  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

coming  in  contact  with  litter  on  floors  when  lying  down  or 
rubbing  against  fences,  walls  or  posts  previously  soiled 
by  aborting  cows.  Cattle  licking  one  another  is  also  a 
prolific  cause. 

Symptoms:  The  signs  of  calving  are  not  so  well 
marked  as  in  normal  calving,  especially  where  the  abort- 
ing animal  is  a  heifer  and  the  gestation  period  has  not 
exceeded  three  or  four  weeks.  In  cows,  especially  where 
the  gestation  period  has  advanced  to  five  or  seven 
months,  the  symptoms  are  easily  detected  as  a  rule  by  a 
swelling  of  the  udder,  or  what  is  commonly  termed  ^^  mak- 
ing bag,''  the  outer  portions  of  the  womb  swollen  and 
inflamed  as  in  normal  calving.  As  the  period  of  abor- 
tion approaches,  there  will  be  a  discharge  of  mucus  and 
blood  from  the  womb.  Labor  pains  are  not  as  severe  as 
in  normal  calving,  owing  to  the  absence  of  hair  on  the 
foetus  and  being  smaller;  although  the  afterbirth  (foetal 
membranes),  may  be  retained  the  same  as  in  normal 
calving. 

Pkeventive  Treatment:  This  perhaps  is  the  cheap- 
est and  best  method  of  treating  Contagious  Abortion. 
When  purchasing  bulls  or  cows,  ascertain  whether  the 
farm  you  purchased  from  has  Contagious  Abortion.  An 
investigation  of  this  kind  often  saves  labor,  time  and 
money. 

Medical  Treatment:  When  once  Contagious  Abor- 
tion makes  its  appearance,  separate  infected  from  non- 
infected  animals,  remove  all  litter,  manure,  etc.,  from 
barns,  corrals,  and  burn  or  bury  deeply.  The  convey- 
ances used  should  be  tight  so  as  to  prevent  scattering. 
Scrub  and  disinfect  floors,  fences,  walls  of  i)arns  and  rub- 
bing posts  with  a  solution  made  from  three  pounds  of 
Copper  Sulphate  to  ten  gallons  of  water,  permitting  it 
to  thoroughly  dissolve  before  using.  Use  an  ordinary 
barrel  and  cover  so  as  to  prevent  any  cattle  drinking 
same,  as  it  is  very  poisonous.  When  a  cow  aborts,  re- 
move the  calf  and  afterbirth  in  a  tight  receptacle  that 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  111 

will  prevent  any  portion  from  being  scattered,  and  burn 
or  bury  deeply ;  disinfect  the  floor  and  walls  of  stall  where 
the  abortion  took  place  as  long  as  the  cow  is  discharging 
any  fluids  from  the  womb.  A  gallon  of  distilled  or  boiled 
water  containing  about  one  per  cent  Carbolic  Acid  should 
be  injected  into  the  womb  with  an  ordinary  hose  and 
funnel.  This  should  be  repeated  once  a  day  for  a  week. 
Use  a  solution  of  the  same  strength  for  washing  the  tail 
and  parts  around  the  outer  part  of  the  womb,  or  in  Tact 
any  part  that  the  discharge  of  an  aborting  cow  may  come 
in  contact  with. 

Internally,  give  Methylen  Blue  in  thirty  grain  doses, 
every  other  day  for  two  weeks.  This  is  an  exceptionally 
disagreeable  drug  to  administer  as  it  stains  everything  it 
<3omes  in  contact  with.  Place  it  in  a  gelatin  capsule  or 
-have  your  druggist  prepare  six  or  seven  capsules  contain- 
ing thirty  grains  each.  Then  administer  with  capsule 
gun.  Insist  on  pure  Methylen  Blue,  accept  no  substitute. 
This  treatment  has  proven  very  effective  in  many  lo- 
calities where  strict  aseptic  precautions  were  carried  out, 
as  washing  out  the  womb  or  any  parts  that  the  discharge 
of  an  aborting  cow  may  come  in  contact  with  and  proper 
cleanliness  and  disinfection  of  stables,  etc.  Cows  should 
not  be  bred  for  several  weeks  following  abortion  or  as 
long  as  there  is  a  discharge  present.  Bulls  should  be 
treated  in  much  the  same  way,  as  administering  Methy- 
len Blue  in  same  size  doses  for  the  same  length  of  time 
as  that  of  the  cow.  But  in  addition  to  this,  use  a  one  per 
cent  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid  for  injecting  into  the  bulPs 
sheath,  holding  the  end  of  the  sheath  while  the  solution  is 
being  injected,  until  it  is  well  distended;  holding  the 
opening  of  the  sheatfe  allowing  the  solution  to  remain  as 
long  as  convenient.  Also,  wash  belly,  muzzle,  etc.,  with 
a  solution  of  the  same  strength. 


112  THE   VETERINARIAN 

COUGH 

(Acute  and  Chrome) 

As  a  cough  is  a  symptom  of  various  diseases,  these 
in  addition  to  the  cough  should  be  treated. 

Ejnds  of  Cough:  Many  writers  give  several  dif- 
ferent varieties,  but  for  the  sake  of  convenience  I  will 
divide  them  into  two  forms,  namely :    Acute  and  Chronic. 

Cause  :  Acute  coughs  are  generally  due  to  sudden  ex- 
posure to  cold,  drafts  and  are  the  forerunning  symptom 
of  a  disease  of  the  organs  of  breathing. 

Chronic  Coughs  are  associated  with,  and  are  a  result 
of  sore  throat,  lung  fever,  pleurisy^  bronchitis,  catarrh 
and  tuberculosis. 

Tkeatment  :  Under  each  disease,  of  which  a  cough  is 
a  symptom,  I  have  also  prescribed  to  include  its  suppres- 
sion. The  following  prescription  is  reasonable  in  price, 
yet  very  effective  in  all  forms  of  cough:  Tannic  Acid, 
one  ounce;  Potassi  Chlorate,  four  ounces;  Potassi  Ni- 
trate, four  ounces.  Powder  well  and  mix  with  Black 
Strap  Molasses,  one  pint,  placing  container  retaining  the 
above  in  hot  water,  which  assists  in  dissolving.  When 
this  is  thoroughly  mixed,  add  Pine  Tar,  one  pint,  and 
place  one  tablespoonful  well  back  on  the  tongue  with  a 
wooden  paddle  every  three  or  four  hours,  according  to 
the  severity  of  the  cough. 

Sometimes  a  liniment  applied  to  the  throat  and  wind- 
pipe has  a  good  effect,  and  I  would  recommend  the  fol- 
lowing on  account  of  its  penetrating  qualities:  Aqua 
Ammonia  Fort.,  two  ounces;  Turpentine,  two  ounces; 
Raw  Linseed  Oil,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  apply  twice 
daily,  shaking  the  contents  of  the  bottle  well  before  using. 


COWPOX 

(Variola) 
Cause:     Investigations  lead  us  to  believe  that  it  is 
due  to  a  protozoa.     So  far,  the  true  micro-organism  has 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  113 

not  been  discovered.  This  disease  is  very  contagious  and 
is  transmitted  by  direct  communication  but  not  througli 
the  air.  Perhaps  the  most  common  way  of  transmitting 
the  disease  is  by  the  hands  of  the  milker. 

Symptoms:  A  slight  raise  in  the  temperature,  espe- 
cially that  of  the  udder  and  teats.  They  are  red,  swol- 
len and  tender  and  after  three  or  four  days  small  pim- 
ples or  pustules  will  appear  on  the  teats  about  the  size  of 
a  pea.  The  pimples  or  pustules  become  larger  and  within 
a  few  days  may  attain  the  size  of  one-half  inch  in  diame- 
ter. At  the  end  of  the  second  week  the  pimples  or  pus- 
tules burst  and  discharge  an  amber  colored  fluid  leaving 
raw  sores,  which  cause  the  animal  to  suffer  intensely 
when  being  milked.  The  supply  of  milk  is  also  markedly 
decreased  in  this  condition. 

Prevention:  A  person  should  not  milk  both  healthy 
and  diseased  cows  unless  the  hands  are  thoroughly 
washed  in  a  Carbolated  Solution;  the  clothes  that  are 
likely  to  come  in  contact  with  the  udder,  coat  sleeves, 
etc.,  changed. 

Treatment  :  It  is  advisable  to  give  a  physic  as  it  has 
a  very  good  effect  on  the  blood,  such  as  Aloin,  two  drams, 
and  Ginger,  two  drams,  which  is  easily  prepared  and  ad- 
ministered by  placing  in  capsule  and  giving  with  capsule 
gun. 

Also,  the  application  of  Zinc  Ointment  two  or  three 
times  a  day  affords  immediate  relief  and  causes  the 
sores  to  heal  rapidly.  Good  results  are  also  obtained  by 
feeding  food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  bran  mashes, 
steamed  rolled  oats  and  vegetables. 


CUD  CHEWING 

(Physiology/  of  Rumination) 
The  cow  when  eating  grass  or  hay  merely  moistens  it 
with  saliva  and  swallows,  then  it  passes  into  the  rumen 
-or  paunch  which  acts  as  a  storehouse  or  reservoir  for 


114  THE    VETERINAKIAN 

food.  After  the  paunch  or  rumen  is  filled,  the  cow  finds 
a  comfortable  place  to  stand  or  lie  down  and  she  regur- 
gitates it  into  the  mouth  by  a  contraction  of  the  muscles 
of  the  walls  of  the  esophagus  in  small  quantities  or  pel- 
lets from  the  rumen  or  paunch  back  into  the  mouth  and 
is  there  masticated.  When  it  is  chewed  finely  she  swal- 
lows and  it  passes  into  the  second  stomach  and  is  there 
digested  for  assimilation. 


DIARRHOEA 

Cause:  Giving  rich  succulent  foods  after  being  fed 
on  stimulating  diets  for  some  time,  and  such  a  case  may 
be  a  benefit  to  the  animal  instead  of  an  injury.  Turnips, 
carrots,  etc.,  especially  if  frozen  slightly,  are  apt  to  pro- 
duce it.  Also  impure  and  st^gL%At  water  which  acts  as 
a  poison  or  some  irritant  in  the  food,  as  sand,  clay,  etc., 
or  it  may  result  from  excitement,  as  driving  cattle  or 
shipping  cattle  in  cars  when  not  accustomed  to  it.  Or, 
it  may  be  the  result  of  an  overdose  of  irritating  medi- 
cines. Diarrhoea  as  a  rule  is  not  fatal.  It  is  often  an 
effort  of  nature  to  relieve  some  disease,  as  poison  in  the 
blood.  The  easiest  way  to  get  rid  of  it  is  by  way  of  the 
bowels. 

Symptoms:  It  is  easily  detected.  An  animal  passes 
large  amounts  of  feces  which  are  of  a  liquid  nature.  At 
first  the  pulse  is  but  little  affected,  but  after  a  day  or 
two  it  becomes  weak  and  slightly  increased.  If  it  con- 
tinues for  a  few  days  the  pulse  increases,  the  ears  and 
legs  get  colder  than  normal,  there  are  slight  gripping 
pains  in  some  cases  due  to  slight  irritation  or  perhaps 
to  slight  spasm  of  the  intestines.  These  pains  may  in- 
crease and  result  in  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  espe- 
cially if  the  cause  is  due  to  stagnant  water  or  irritating 
drugs. 

Treatment  :  In  many  cases  all  you  have  to  do  is  to 
change  the  food  and  clothe  the  body  according  to  the 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  115 

temperature.  Do  not  let  the  animal  drink  large  quantities 
of  water  at  one  time.  Give  pure  water  in  small  quantities, 
but  often,  and  it  may  be  necessary  to  give  medicines. 
Endeavor  to  find  out  the  cause  and  if  due  to  some  irritant 
in  the  intestines,  prepare  Flaxseed  tea  by  pouring  a 
quart  of  boiling  water  on  a  half  pint  of  pure  Flaxseed, 
allowing  it  to  cool.  Compel  the  animal  to  drink  it.  This 
is  very  soothing  to  the  bowels  when  irritated  and  also 
beneficial  in  removing  the  irritant;  in  cases  where  the 
Diarrhoea  continues  for  some  time,  it  is  necessary  to 
stop  it  by  administering  Gum  Catechu,  two  ounces ;  Pro- 
tan,  two  ounces;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  eight  grains. 
Mix  and  make  into  eight  capsules  and  give  one  capsule 
every  four  hours  with  capsule  gun.  Keep  the  animal  as 
quiet  as  possible  and  feed  non-irritating  food  that  is 
easily  digested,  as  steamed  barley  or  oats. 


DEHORNING 

Dehorning  is  not  considered  a  cruelty  as  some  people 
hold  it,  as  horns  on  cattle  do  not  only  add  discomfort  to 
themselves  but  add  to  the  owner's  risk.  It  is  much  bet- 
ter, safer  and  I  think  more  humane  to  prevent  the  growth 
of  horns  on  calves  after  they  are  three  or  four  days  old 
by  rubbing  the  elevations  where  the  horns  make  their 
appearance  with  a  pencil  of  Caustic  Potash  after  being 
moistened  with_cpjd_water.  Eepeat  this  application  two 
or  thrje^  times,  which  is  generally  sufficient. 

When  dehorning  cattle  with  clippers  or  saw,  it  is  well 
to  remove  about  one-half  inch  of  the  flesh  of  the  horn. 
This  gives  their  head  a  much  better  appearance  after  the 
horns  are  removed  and  healed.  When  a  horn  is  freshly 
amputated,  apply  Oil  of  Tar  occasionally,  as  it  is  an  an- 
tiseptic and  prevents  infection  and  the  annoyance  of  flies. 
However,  this  should  be  performed  during  the  season 
when  the  flies  are  less  numerous. 


116 


THE   VETERINAEIAN 


DROPSY 

(Ascities) 

Cause  :    Usually  seen  in  old  animals  or  cattle  fed  on 

poor  food  where  the  blood  becomes  so  poor,  so  to  speak, 

that  Dropsy  follows.    The  presence  of  worms  frequently 

stimulates     excessive    secretions     of    fluid,    producing 

Dropsy.  .  . 

Symptoms  :     The  abdomen  is  abnormally  increased  m 


^  Champion  Jersey  Cow  Grey  Portia. 

Owned  by  Mrs.  Nelle  Fabyan,  Geneva,  111. 

size,  flanks  are  gaunt,  paleness  of  the  membranes  of  the 
mouth  and  eyes  and  a  general  weakness.  Pressure  with 
the  hand  on  the  abdominal  walls  will  produce  a  splashing, 
watery  sound. 

Treatment:  The  cause  at  first  should  be  determined 
and  the  disease  treated  accordingly.  If  due  to  worms, 
withhold  all   food   for  twenty-four  hours.     Place   two 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  117 

ounces  of  Oil  of  Turpentine  in  gelatin  capsules  and  give 
with  capsule  gun.  Follow  this  in  six  hours  with  two 
drams  of  Aloin,  three  drams  of  Ginger  in  gelatin  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Feed  nourishing  food  as 
wheat  bran  mashes  and  one  cup  of  Flaxseed  meal  once  a 
day.  In  their  drinking  water  place  one  dram  of  Potas- 
sium Iodide  two  or  three  times  a  day.  See  that  this 
water  is  drunk  and  give  no  other  until  this  is  consumed 

by  the  animal.  

ECZEIMA 

Cause  :  Insanitary  surroundings,  as  warm,  damp  sta- 
bles. Overfeeding,  swills,  decomposed  vegetables.  Ap- 
plying irritating  drugs  to  the  skin. 

Symptoms  :  Eedness  of  the  skin  and  the  animal  rubs 
itself;  is  usually  confined  to  a  small  area  at  first, 
but  eventually  spreads.  Considerable  inflammation  is 
present,  also  eruptions  of  the  skin  which  discharge  white, 
serous,  sticky  fluid,  terminating  in  scabs  and  thickness 
of  the  skin.  Sometimes  suppuration  or  formation  of  pus- 
tules containing  pus  is  present.  These  symptoms  do  not 
always  occur  in  regular  succession;  in  some  cases  the 
serums  oozing  from  the  skin  will  be  more  prominent  than 
in  others. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it.  If 
due  to  poor  food,  improve  the  quality.  Also  feed  laxative 
food,  as  hot  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats.  If  the 
bowels  do  not  act  freely,  administer  Aloin,  two  drams, 
and  Ginger,  three  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and 
give  with  capsule  gun.  An  ointment  made  from  the 
following  is  very  effective  as  an  application  in  this  con- 
dition: Blue  Ointment,  one  ounce;  Zinc  Oxide,  three 
ounces.  Mix  well  and  apply  two  or  three  times  a  day. 
A  tonic  usually  has  a  very  good  effect  in  the  treatment 
of  this  disease,  and  I  would  recommend  the  use  of  the 
following :  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces ;  Potassium 
Nitrate,  four  ounces ;  Ferri  Sulphate,  four  ounces.  Mix 
and  make  into  twelve  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  two 
or  three  times  a  day  with  capsule  gun. 


118  THE   VETEEINABIAN 

ERGOT   POISON 

(Ergotism) 

Cause:  Ergotism  is  produced  by  cattle  eating  fun- 
goid growths  which  attack  kernels  and  seeds  of  rye  and 
blue  grass,  etc.  These  kernels  or  seeds  grow  dark  in 
color  and  become  abnormally  large  and  curved  in  shape. 
The  infected  grass  or  hay  when  eaten  by  cattle  contract 
the  arteries,  especially  those  of  the  legs,  just  above  the 
feet,  although  all  the  arteries  in  the  body  are  contracted 
to  a  certain  extent.  This  disease  is  frequently  seen  in 
Spring  and  Summer. 

Symptoms:  Ergot  is  prescribed  in  cases  of  bleeding, 
because  of  its  contracting  effect  upon  the  arteries  (clos- 
ing or  stopping  the  flow  of  blood)  where  the  blood  sup- 
ply is  the  weakest,  as  in  the  extremities.  It  is  cut  off  and 
this,  of  course,  causes  the  skin  just  above  the  hoofs  to 
break  or  crack  as  though  it  were  cut  with  a  knife.  This 
shuts  off  the  entire  supply  of  blood  to  the  foot,  which 
mummifies,  and  the  lower  portion  becomes  gangrenous 
and  eventually  sloughs  off.  One  of  the  first  effects  of 
Ergot  Poison  in  pregnant  cattle  is  abortion,  due  to  the 
blood  supply  to  the  womb  being  shut  off  by  its  contracting 
effect  on  the  arteries.  Cattle  are  particularly  susceptible 
to  Ergotism. 

Treatment:  When  Ergotism  is  so  advanced  as  to 
produce  sloughing  of  the  feet  it  is  best  to  destroy  the 
animal.  If  other  animals  are  affected  slightly,  find  out 
the  cause  and  remove  it.  Look  to  the  hay  or  pasture  as 
the  producer.  Administer  one-half  ounce  of  Chloral 
Hydrate,  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  their  drinking  water 
or  mix  it  with  sufficient  quantity  of  Flaxseed  meal  to 
fill  an  ounce  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 
If  the  skin  is  slightly  broken  above  the  foot,  wash  with 
five  per  cent  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid.  Where  the  feet 
have  become  gangrenous  amputation  of  the  foot  or  feet 
is  necessary,  which  is  not  advisable  unless  the  animal  is 
very  valuable. 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  119 

FLUKE 
(Liver  and  Lungs) 

Cause:  This  disease  is  contracted  by  cattle  grazing 
on  marshy  lands.  There  are  two  different  species  of 
Fluke  that  affect  the  liver  and  Inngs  of  cattle.  They 
are  both  flat,  leaf-like  worms.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke 
is  about  one-half  inch  long,  while  the  so-called  American 
Fluke  is  somewhat  larger.  In  their  life  history  these 
Flukes  depend  on  snails  as  intermediate  hosts.  At  a 
certain  stage  of  development  the  young  Flukes  live  on 
snails.  They  become  encysted  on  stalks  and  blades  of 
grass  which  are  finally  swallowed  by  grazing  cattle.  This 
disease  is  most  frequently  seen  in  young  cattle. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  shows  no  marked  signs  at 
first,  but  eventually  the  appetite  diminishes,  rumination 
or  chewing  of  the  cud  becomes  irregular,  the  animal  be- 
comes dull,  hide-bound,  hair  standing,  the  visible  mucous 
membranes  of  the  mouth  and  eyes  become  pale  and 
bloodless,  the  eyes  discharge  watery  fluids  oozing  down 
the  face,  temperature  varying  from  two  to  three  de- 
grees above  normal  and  milk  supply,  if  in  aged  cattle, 
remarkably  reduced.  In  all  cases  there  is  great  thirst 
and  the  animal  becomes  very  much  emaciated  and  refuses 
to  eat.  Swellings  about  the  belly  and  breast,  etc.  Diar- 
rhoea at  first,  alternating  with  constipation,  but  finally 
becomes  continuous.  The  diseased  animal  succumbs  to 
the  malady  in  from  two  to  six  months. 

Treatment:  Medical  treatment  is  unsatisfactory. 
The  disease  will  be  prevented  to  a  considerable  extent 
by  giving  animals  plenty  of  salt  and  in  the  marshes  con- 
taining pools  of  water  introduce  or  plant  carp,  frogs  and 
toads  into  the  infected  tracts.  These  will  destroy  the 
young  parasites  and  feed  upon  the  snails  which  sen^e  as 
their  intermediate  hosts.  Or,  prevent  the  cattle  from 
grazing  upon  swampy  marshes  by  fencing  them  out. 


120.  THE    VETEEINAKIAN 

FOOT   AND    MOUTH   DISEASE 

(Infectious  Aphtha — Epizootica  Eczema) 

Cause:  This  disease  is  produced  by  a  specific  agent 
or  germ,  the  exact  nature  of  which  is  not  known.  It  will 
pass  through  the  Berkf  elt  filter,  which  is  the  n^ost  minute 
filter  known  to  science,  and  is  therefore  known  as  a  filter- 
able virus.  This  is  an  eruptive  fever  and  belongs  to  the 
class  of  Exanthematous  diseases  such  as  smallpox, 
measles,  scarlet  fever,  etc.  Every  outbreak  starts  from 
some  pre-existing  infection.  The  infection  is  distributed 
by  manure,  pastures,  barnyards,  hay,  drinking  troughs, 
box-cars,  ships,  boats  which  have  been  previously  oc- 
cupied by  animals  affected  with  this  disease,  travel  over 
public  highways  or  man  may  carry  the  infection  of  this 
disease  on  his  clothing  and  transmit  it  to  healthy  cattle, 
etc.  Foot  and  Mouth  Disease  not  only  affects  cattle  but 
attacks  a  variety  of  animals,  as  the  horse,  sheep,  goat, 
hog,  dog,  cat,  also  wild  animals  as  buffalo,  deer,  antelope, 
and  man  himself  is  not  immune  from  this  disease.  Chiidren 
also  suffer  from  Foot  and  Mouth  Disease,  resulting  from 
drinking  unboiled  milk  from  infected  cattle.  Therefore, 
when  purchasing  cattle  be  very  careful,  as  you  may  be 
buying  an  infectious  disease.  Keep  the  newly  purchased 
animals  to  themselves  for  two  or  three  weeks,  if  possible. 
This  will  give  ample  time  for  the  majority  of  infectious 
diseases  to  develop. 

Symptoms:  The  disease  usually  makes  its  first  ap- 
pearance in  three  to  six  days  after  being  exposed,  by 
chilling,  rise  (Tf  temperature,  and  in  a  day  or  so  pustules 
varying  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin  head  to  that  of  a  pea 
appear.  They  appear  upon  the  inner  surface  of  the  lips, 
gums  and  upper  surface  of  the  tongue.  The  feet  also  be- 
come affected  between  the  digits.  The  udder  usually  be- 
comes affected,  especially  in  milking  cows.  As  soon  as 
this  disease  becomes  well  established  the  affected  animal 
evinces  great  pain  when  attempting  to  eat.    The  animal 


DISEASES   OF    CATTLE  121 

generally  refuses  food.  In  many  instances  they  shut  and 
open  the  mouth  with  a  smacking  sound  owing  to  the 
stringy  saliva  flowing  from  the  mouth.  The  ulcers  in 
the  mouth  continue  to  enlarge  until  they  attain  the  size 
of  one-half  to  two  inches  in  diameter.  The  mucous  mem- 
brane covering  these  ulcers  breaks  and  a  watery  dis- 
charge escapes.  In  a  few  days  the  surface  of  the  ulcers 
takes  on  a  whitish  appearance.  The  same  changes  take 
place  in  the  feet  and  the  animal  becomes  very  lame  and 
the  udder  very  much  swollen,  the  ulcers  discharge,  etc. 

Prevention  :  When  any  of  the  above  mentioned  symp- 
toms are  noticed,  non-affected  animals  should  immedi- 
ately be  removed  to  non-affected  quarters.  This  disease 
is  not  communicated  through  the  atmosphere  but  by  the 
animal  coming  into  direct  contact  with  the  infection  or 
virus ;  hence  it  is  not  necessary  to  move  unaffected  an- 
imals any  great  distance  but  merely  to  clean,  sanitary 
quarters  which  have  not  been  subjected  to  any  possible 
infection  from  the  diseased  animals.  It  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  attendant  or  helper  cannot  be  too  careful  in 
the  matter  of  his  own  actions  and  dress  as  the  infection 
is  easily  carried  through  clothes,  fecal  matter,  etc.,  adher- 
ing to  shoes  or  any  matter  or  articles,  such  as  buckets, 
brushes,  rubrags,  blankets,  etc. 

The  existence  of  this  disease  should  at  once  be  reported 
to  your  nearest  Veterinarian.  He  will  report  to  the  State 
Veterinarian  of  your  State  or  to  the  United  States  Bu- 
reau of  Animal  Industry  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Treatment:  I  cannot  recommend  any  treatment  as 
being  satisfactory  or  a  cure,  for  although  under  some 
treatments  the  animal  appears  to  make  a  good  recovery, 
in  the  majority  of  cases  the  feet  are  disfigured  and  crip- 
pled, the  udder  permanently  injured  with  growths,  an- 
imal unfit  for  milking  purposes,  and  the  mouth,  ton.gue 
and  teeth  left  impaired ;  the  mouth  and  tongue  strictured 
from  wounds  and  the  teeth  loosened  from  the  gums. 
Furthermore,  should  an  animal  make  apparent  recovery, 


102  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

it  is  not  immune  from  a  recurrence  of  the  disease.  In 
treating  the  disease,  there  is  not  only  danger  of  spreading 
the  disease  to  other  animals,  hut  to  man.  The  flesh  or 
milk  from  animals  apparently  cured  should  never  be 
xTsed  unless  first  examined  by  a  qualified  Vetermarian. 
Without  question,  all  animals  showing  severe  symp- 
toms as  above  described  should  be  at  once  slaughtered 


Hereford  Bull. 
Owned  by  C.  A.  Tow,  Norway,  Iowa. 

and  buried  six  feet  or  deeper,  covering  carcass  with 
Quicklime  and  then  promptly  filling  grave  according  to 
tlie  Government  regulations,  which  should  be  followed 
explicitly.  Be  careful  to  disinfect  scene  of  slaughter,  as 
bloodstains,  etc.  The  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry  regulates  the  disinfectants  to  be  used  and  the 
strength  thereof,  and  as  these  are  subject  to  change  from 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  123 

time  to  time,  I  must  refer  you  in  this  matter  to  the 
proper  Goverimaent  authorities. 

Medical.  Treatment:  If  permitted  by.  Government 
authorities,  I  would  suggest  the  following  treatment  as 
being  beneficial:  In  mild  attacks  of  Foot  and  Mouth 
Disease  benefits  may  be  derived  by  cleanliness  and  the 
applications  of  antiseptics  as  placing  Boracic  Acid,  one 
dram;  Potassium  Chlorate,  two  drams,  in  a  bucket  of 
water,  compelling  the  animal  to  drink  it.  Repeat  this 
dose  two  or  three  times  a  day.  Also  compel  the  animals 
to  stand  in  tubs  or  troughs  containing  a  one  in  one  thou- 
sandth solution  of  Bichloride  of  Mercury  for  at  least  five 
minutes,  twice  daily.  When  other  parts  of  the  body  be- 
come affected,  as  the  cow's  udder,  apply  Carbolated 
Vaseline  twice  daily.  This  treatment  should  be  continued 
until  all  ulcers  have  ceased  to  discharge.  Always  keep  in 
mind  that  this  disease  is  contagious  and  is  transmitted 
to  other  animals,  as  well  as  to  man.  For  disinfecting 
corrals,  barns,  clothing,  hands  and  anything  which  the 
diseased  animal  might  come  in  contact  with,  I  would  rec- 
ommend Coal  Tar  products,  diluted  one  part  to  fifty 
parts  warm  water.    Spray,  sprinkle  or  scrub. 


FOOT    ROT 

(Foul  in  Foot) 

Cause  :  Due  to  filth  or  from  hard  substances  accumu- 
lating between  the  two  digits,  producing  irritation  and 
inflammation  and  suppuration. 

Symptoms:  Lameness.  On  examination  the  foot  is 
swollen,  hot  and  painful  to  the  touch.  When  the  case  is 
of  long  standing,  suppuration  occurs  and  pus  will  ooze 
from  between  the  digits,  and  is  very  offensive  in  smell. 
This  condition  causes  the  digits  to  slough  off,  if  no  attempt 
is  made  to  relieve  it. 

Treatment:  Cleanliness.  Wliere  there  is  considera- 
ble inflammation  present,  apply  Hot  Bran  or  Flaxseed 


124  THE    VETERINARIAN 

poultices.  Keep  clean  and  treat  as  an  ordinary  wound. 
The  following  prescription  will  be  found  very  effective 
in  Foot  Rot :  Oil  of  Origanum,  four  ounces ;  Oil  of  Pisis, 
four  ounces;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces.  Saturate 
oakum  or  cotton  with  the  above  liniment  placing  between 
the  digits  and  bandage.  Feed  laxative  food,  as  hot  wheat 
bran  mashes  and  vegetables. 


FOUNDER 

(Laminitis) 

Inflammation  of  the  internal,  sensitive  structure  of 
the  foot. 

Cause:  Overfeeding,  overheating,  driving  on  rough, 
stony  soil.  Cattle  confined  to  stand  on  hard  floors  with- 
out exercise  frequently  suffer  from  Founder. 

Symptoms  :  The  animals  lie  down  a  great  part  of  the 
time.  Feet  hot  and  tender  and  if  made  to  walk  they  do  so 
with  great  difficulty.  One  or  all  four  feet  may  become 
affected,  although  it  is  more  frequently  found  in  the 
front  feet.  The  temperature  is  somewhat  elevated,  vary- 
ing from  104°  to  106°  F.,  breathing  very  rapid,  appetite 
fairly  good  and  there  will  be  great  thirst.  Founder  in 
cows  reduces  the  milk  secretion,  owing  to  the  great  fever 
that  is  present. 

Treatment:  Apply  cold  packs  to  the  feet,  ice  packs 
preferred.  If  the  animal  can  be  made  to  stand  in  a 
stream  of  water  having  a  soft  bottom,  it,  perhaps,  is  the 
best  method  of  cooling  out  the  feet.  Give  a  physic  of 
Aloin,  three  drams;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  two  drams. 
Place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  To 
their  drinking  water  add  two  or  three  drams  of  Potassi 
Nitrate  three  or  four  times  daily.  Animals  suffering 
with  Founder  should  be  provided  with  soft  ground  to 
stand  on,  as  their  feet  will  be  tender  and  subject  to  the 
chronic  form  of  the  disease. 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  125 

GARGET 

(Congestion  of  the  Udder) 

Cause  :  Very  common  in  heavy  milkers  before  or  just 
after  calving  when  the  bag  is  very  much  enlarged  and 
very  sensitive ;  exposure  to  chilling  or  standing  in  drafts 
or  even  neglected  for  too  long  a  time  in  milking.  Injuries 
may  also  cause  Garget. 

Symptoms  :  The  bag  is  very  much  enlarged,  showing 
signs  of  inflammation.  The  swelling  extends  well  for- 
ward following  the  milk  veins.  The  cow  has  great  diffi- 
culty in  walking  due  to  sensitiveness  of  the  bag.  When 
milked  for  two  or  three  days  the  swelling  disappears 
after  the  secretion  is  fully  established,  but  as  a  rule  is 
tinged  with  blood.  Sometimes  small  clots  of  milk  or 
cheese-like  particles  are  ejected  with  the  milk. 

Treatment:  Give  a  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two 
drams ;  Pulv.  Ginger,  three  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  cap- 
sule and  give  with  capsule  gun :  Hyposulphite  of  Soda, 
sixteen  ounces ;  Nitrate  of  Potassi,  four  ounces.  Mix  and 
make  into  sixteen  powders.  Give  one  powder  three  times 
a  day  in  drinking  water  or  place  in  gelatin  capsule  and 
give  with  capsule  gun.  Also  dissolve  Bichloride  of  Mer- 
cury, two  grains ;  Boracic  Acid,  two  drams,  in  one  quart 
of  boiling  hot  water.  When  this  solution  cools  to  about 
blood  temperature,  after  stripping  all  milk  fluid  or  pus 
from  the  affected  teat  or  teats,  inject  with  an  ordinary 
bulb  injection  syringe  after  placing  a  teat  tube  into  the 
end  from  which  the  air  escapes  when  the  bulb  is  pressed.. 
Now,  place  the  end  of  the  syringe  retaining  the  teat  tube 
in  the  affected  teat,  the  other  end  place  in  a  bottle  or 
vessel  containing  the  solution  and  gently  press  the  bulb 
and  inject  about  a  pint  of  the  solution  in  each  affected 
quarter.  Leave  the  solution  in  the  teat  for  only  fifteen  to 
twenty  minutes  and  milk  out  thoroughly.  Kepeat  this 
treatment  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

For  an  external  application  the  following  ointment  has 


126  THE    VETERINARIAN 

given  remarkably  good  results :  Blue  OintifienTand^ne 
Ointment,  equal  parts.  Mix  well  and  apply  two  or  three 
times  daily.  

— « «^  HARD    MILKERS^'-'^ 

Cause:  A  thickness  or  contraction  of  the  mucous 
membranes  lining  the  teat  or  growths  inside  the  teat. 
----Tbeatment  :  All  antiseptic  precautions  should  be  car- 
ried out  in  this  operation,  as  boiling  the  instruments  and 
then  covering  them  with  Carbolated  Vaseline.  Then  with 
a  hidden  bistoury  or  a  knife  concealed  in  a  tube,  force  up- 
ward into  the  teat,  then  press  out  the  little  blade  and 
draw  the  instrument  down  the  teat,  making  about  four  in- 
cisions equal  distance  apart  around  the  inner  surface  of 
the  teat.  The  use  of  self-retaining  teat  dilators  prevents 
the  contraction  of  the  cut  surface,  permitting  them  to 
remain  in  the  teat  for  two  weeks,  removing  them  only 
when  the  milk  is  being  stripped  from  the  teat.  Always 
place  them  in  boiling  water  and  cover  with  Carbolated 
Vaseline  before  inserting. 


HOLLOW   HORN 

Horns  of  the  cattle  tribe  are  normally  hollow,  although 
a  core  extends  well  into  the  horn.  This,  however,  is 
merely  a  prolongation  of  a  porous  bone  of  the  head  which 
affords  a  point  for  the  horns'  attachment,  consequently 
^.when  a  cow  is  sick  and  the  temperature  is  elevated,  the 
^  horns  are  naturally  hot,  it  being  the  symptom  of  a  disease 
and  not  a  disease  of  itself,  and  which  should  be  treated 
under  its  special  heading. 

The  supposed  disease  ^* Hollow  Horn*'  once  upon  a 
time  was  treated  by  boring  a  hole  into  the  horn  with  a 
small  gimlet  and  pouring  Turpentine  into  the  opening. 
This  treatment  is  useless  and  harmful.  It  produces  in- 
flammation of  the  frontal  sinuses  of  the  head  and 
chances  are  death  of  the  animal  will  follow  as  a  result  of 
the  treatment  and  not  of  the  disease. 


.->  •" 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  1 

INDIGESTION 

Cause  :  Animals  witli  a  voracious  appetite  will  over- 
load their  stomachs  with  food  that  is  hard  to  digest  or  is 
decomposed,  causing  the  organs  of  assimilation  to  become 
weakened,  sluggish  and  incapable  of  doing  their  proper 
w^ork. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  ceases  to  ruminate  (chew  its 
Cud) ;  stands  quietly,  hair  rough,  nose  dry,  temperature 
elevated  one  to  two  degrees,  breathing  usually  faster  than 
normal  with  slight  grunts  at  each  expiration  of  air  from 
the  lungs.  The  secretions  of  milk  are  suddenly  dimin- 
ished. If  the  hand  is  placed  against  the  left  side  and 
quickly  removed,  a  marked  depression  or  pit  will  remain, 
which  shows  that  the  paunch  is  full  of  undigested  food. 
Bloating  is  also  frequently  accompanied  by  indigestion. 

Treatment  :  Administer  Aloin,  three  drams ;  Ginger, 
three  drams.  Place  in  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 
Permit  the  animal  to  drink  all  the  water  possible.  If 
"bloating  is  present  give  two-ounce  capsules  filled  with 
Turpentine  with  capsule  gun.  A  tonic  is  quite  necessary 
in  this  condition,  and  the  following  I  am  sure  wdll  be 
followed  by  good  results  if  the  case  is  not  of  too  long  a 
standing :  Sodium  Bicarbonate,  eight  ounces ;  Pulv.  Nux 
Vomica,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Boot,  four  ounces; 
Pulv.  Ginger,  four  ounces.  Place  two  tablespoonfuls  in 
gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun  every  six  hours. 
Very  good  results  are  also  obtained  from  rectal  injections 
of  soap  and  warm  water.  Feed  good  nourishing  food 
sparingly,  compelling  the  animal  to  exercise,  etc. 


INFLAMMATION   OF  THE  BAG 

(Simple  Mammitis) 

Cause  :  Injuries,  as  blows,  kicks,  etc. ;  lying  on  cold, 
rough  ground  or  floor,  standing  in  drafts,  sudden  change 
of  w^eather.  Derangement  of  the  system  is  likely  to  af- 
fect the  udder ;  poorly  milked  or  stripped  cows  are  often 


128  THE    VETERINARIAN 

victims  of  Mammitis.  Infections  in  the  teat  from  insert- 
ing dirty  instruments,  as  using  a  bicycle  pump  for  the 
treatment  of  Milk  Fever.  Cows  with  a  retained  after- 
birth are  likely  to  infect  the  udder  by  switching  their  tail. 
This  condition  is  very  common  in  heavy  milkers  follow- 
ing calving. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  chills,  hair  stands,  tempera- 
ture elevated  from  one  to  three  degrees  above  normal; 
ears,  horns  and  legs  cold,  which  may  suddenly  become 


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Guernsey  Cow  Murne  Cowan  19597  A.  E.  1906.     Sire  Fan- 
tasia's Jeweller  7259;  Dam  Janet  Brown  12403. 

(Year's  record  2400S.0  lbs.   Milk;   1098.18  lbs.  Butter  Fat.) 

Owned  by  O.  C.  Barber,  Akron,  Ohio. 

very  hot;  pulse  rapid,  breathing  hurried,  bag  hard  and 
swollen  and  very  tender  on  pressure.  When  attempts  are 
made  to  milk,  a  watery  substance  comes  away,  almost 
colorless  at  first,  but  later  becomes  tinged  with  blood  and 
pus  and  has  a  fetid  odor.  The  cow's  muzzle  is  dry,  appe- 
tite poor,  but  great  thirst  exists.  This  condition  may 
affect  one  or  more  quarters  of  the  udder.  Abscesses  may 
form  and  the  udder  break  and  a  thick  yellowish  pus  oozes 
out  or  the  milk  glands  may  solidify  and  cause  hard,  lumpy 
growths  in  the  udder. 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  129 

Treatment  :  Prevention.  If  an  animal  is  once  slightly 
affected  with  inflammation  of  the  bag,  it  is  likely  to  de- 
velop a  bad  case  of  Mammitis  from  the  slightest  injury 
or  exposure  as  stated  above,  which  depreciates  a  cow 
considerably  as  a  milk  producer,  especially  on  the  mar- 
ket. Great  care  should  be  exercised  when  purchasing  a 
cow  for  milking  purposes.  See  that  the  teats  and  udder 
are  sound,  free  from  lumps,  etc. 

Medical  Treatment:  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  sixteen 
ounces ;  Nitrate  of  Potassi,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  make 
into  sixteen  powders.  Give  one  powder  three  times  a  day 
in  drinking  water  or  place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give 
with  a  capsule  gun.  Also,  dissolve  Bichloride  of  Mercury, 
two  grains;  Boracic  Acid,  two  drams,  in  one  quart  of 
boiling  hot  water.  When  this  solution  cools  to  about 
blood  temperature,  after  stripping  all  milk  fluid  or  pus 
from  the  affected  teat  or  teats,  inject  with  an  ordinary 
bulb  injection  syringe  after  placing  a  teat  tube  into  the 
end  from  which  the  air  escapes  when  the  bulb  is  pressed. 
Now,  place  this  end  of  the  syringe  retaining  the  teat  tube 
in  the  affected  teat ;  the  other  end  place  in  a  bottle  or  ves- 
sel containing  the  solution  and  gently  press  the  bulb  and 
inject  about  a  pint  of  the  solution  into  each  affected 
quarter.  Leave  the  solution  in  the  teat  for  only  fifteen 
to  twenty  minutes  and  milk  out  thoroughly.  Eepeat  this 
treatment  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

For  an  external  application,  the  following  ointment 
has  given  remarkably  good  results :  Blue  Ointment,  two 
ounces ;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  well  and  apply  twice  daily. 


INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  EYE, 

(Conjunctivitis) 

Cause:  Injuries,  irritating  gases,  from  an  animal 
standing  in  dark  and  poorly  ventilated  stables  or  foreign 
bodies  in  the  eye,  as  chaff,  etc. 

Symptoms  :  A  constant  flow  of  tears  from  the  eye  run- 
ning down  the  animaPs  face,  which  are  due  to  the  inflam- 


130  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

mation  of  the  lining  membranes  of  the  eye.    The  eye  is 
partially  or  completely  closed. 

Treatment  :  If  due  to  a  foreign  body,  remove  it.  In 
order  to  accomplish  this,  the  animal  must  be  placed  in 
a  stanchion,  the  head  twisted  and  the  eyelid  turned  back. 
Do  not  use  burned  alum  as  this  will  only  make  the  condi- 
tion worse.  Use  Boracic  Acid,  thirty  grains;  distilled 
water,  one  ounce.  Apply  to  the  eye  three  or  four  times 
daily,  using  an  ordinary  eye-dropper. 


INFLAMMATION    OF    THE    HEART    SACK 

(Pericarditis) 

Cause  :  Cattle  being  ruminants,  therefore,  not  mas- 
ticating their  food  finely  before  swallowing,  consequently 
foreign  bodies,  such  as  nails,  wire,  etc.,  are  picked  up 
with  the  food  and  taken  into  the  rumen  or  paunch.  These 
sharp  objects  penetrate  the  walls  of  the  paunch,  rumen 
or  first  stomach  and  pierce  the  membrane  or  sack  sur- 
rounding the  heart,  which  produces  an  inflammation 
of  the  heart  sack,  or  Pericarditis. 

Symptoms  :  Symptoms  develop  very  slowly  or  indica- 
tions of  indigestion  will  be  present  as  th.e  appetite  is 
variable,  temperature  elevated,  breathing  labored,  the 
animal  avoids  walking  down  hill  as  it  causes  pain 
from  the  stomach  and  intestines  pressing  the  lungs 
against  the  heart.  The  symptoms,  however,  are  so  slight 
that  they  may  easily  escape  the  notice  of  a  casual  ob- 
server. The  animal  eventually  becomes  poor,  emaciated 
and  dies.  If  you  open  the  heart  sack,  it  will  be  found  full 
of  watery  pus. 

Treatment:  Unsuccessful,  as  this  disease  is  seldom 
diagnosed  correctly,  and  if  it  is  an  operation  is  neces- 
sary and  this  does  not  prove  successful  in  the  majority 
of  cases. 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  131 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  KIDNEYS 
Cause  :  Injuries  in  the  region  of  the  kidneys,  exposure 
to  cold  weather,  especially  in  cows  soon  after  calving. 
Eating  poisonous  plants,  decomposed  food  or  drinking 
stagnant  water,  irritating  medicines  given  ignorantly  of 
their  bad  effects  are  frequently  followed  by  inflammation 
of  the  kidneys. 

Symptoms  :  The  attack  will  first  be  noticed  by  slight 
shivering  or  chilling  followed  by  an  increased  tempera- 
ture, breathing  increased.  The  animal  attempts  to  uri- 
nate frequently  and  the  amount  passed  is  small  and  of  a 
dark  amber  color  and  may  be  flaked  with  blood.  There 
will  be  stiffness  and  straddling  of  the  hind  legs  which  is 
always  present  during  urinary  disorders.  There  may  be 
slight  swelling  and  tenderness  over  the  kidneys.  As  the 
disease  progresses  the  animal  grows  weak  and  finally 
dies  if  prompt  relief  is  not  afforded.  Fortunately  this 
disease  is  not  common  among  cattle. 

Treatment  :  Clothe  the  animal  if  the  weather  is  cold. 
Mild  physics  are  beneficial,  as  Aloin,  one  and  one-half 
drams;  Ginger,  two  drams;  Nux  Vomica,  two  drams, 
placed  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  given  with  capsule  gun. 
Also,  the  following,  which  is  very  soothing  to  the  urinary 
tract :  Potassium  Acetate,  Potassium  Bromide,  each  four 
ounces,  made  into  sixteen  powders.  Give  one  powder 
every  four  hours  in  their  drinking  water.  Feed  nitrog- 
enous food  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled 
oats,  and  see  that  the  animal  has  pure  water  to  drink. 


INFLAMMATION   OF  THE  PENIS 
Cause:    Injuries     received     from     snags,     walking 

through  the  underbrush,  jumping  fences,  etc. 

Symptoms  :    Arched  back,  swelling  of  the  sheath  and 

in  some  cases  a  discharge.    It  may  be  serious  enough  to 

affect  the  appetite  and  cause  fever. 

Treatment  :    Wash  out  the  sheath  two  or  three  times 


132  THE   VETEEINARIAN 

daily  with  a  three  per  cent  solution  of  Boracic  Acid.  If 
the  inflammation  extends  pretty  well  back  in  the  sheath, 
it  is  advisable  to  inject  this  solution  with  a  syringe,  care- 
fully, as  far  back  as  possible.  Withdraw  the  syringe, 
holding  the  opening  of  the  sheath  so  as  to  retain  the  solu- 
tion for  a  few  minutes,  before  allowing  it  to  escape. 

Feed  laxative  food  and  supply  the  animal  with  fresh 
water  to  drink.  If  there  is  considerable  fever,  administer 
Potassium  Nitrate,  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  each  two  ounces. 
Make  into  eight  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  two  or 
three  times  a  day.  

INFLAMMATION   OF   THE  WOMB 

Cause  :  Injuries,  as  bruises,  laceration,  sustained  dur- 
ing calving,  especially  where  the  cow  is  assisted  with 
instruments  or  hands  that  are  not  thoroughly  aseptic,  an 
animal  retaining  the  afterbirth  which  undergoes  putre- 
faction, and  consequently  sets  up  an  inflammation  of  the 
womb,  or  perhaps  the  animal  may  become  infected  dur- 
ing the  act  of  removing  the  afterbirth  if  the  operator  is 
neglectful  about  washing  his  hands  or  washing  the  womb 
out  thoroughly. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  will  chill,  the  temperature 
elevated  two  or  three  degrees,  the  back  will  be  arched, 
stiffness  of  the  hind  parts,  legs,  ears  and  horns  cold,  nose 
hot  and  dry,  grinding  of  the  teeth,  the  cow  usually  re- 
mains standing,  ceases  to  chew  her  cud,  the  secretions  of 
milk  will  be  markedly  reduced  and  a  day  or  so  after  the 
symptoms  appear,  there  will  be  a  discharge  from  the 
womb  of  a  reddish  lumpy  nature.  This  becomes  thick 
and  yellow  containing  small  particles  of  flesh,  showing 
that  the  inner  lining  of  the  womb  is  sloughing.  This 
discharge  is  very  offensive  in  odor.  A  cow  in  this  condi- 
tion requires  the  best  of  care  or  she  will  die  as  the  de- 
composed substance  in  the  womb  may  be  absorbed  into 
the  circulation  and  produce  Pyemia  or  Septicemia  (Blood 
Poison). 


DISEASES   OF    CATTLE  133 

Treatment:  Give  Aloin,  two  drams;  Pulv.  Ginger, 
three  drams,  place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  Flush  out  the  womb  thoroughly  with  a 
tablespoonful  of  Carbolic  Acid  to  one  gallon  of  water 
two  or  three  times  a  day.  A  convenient  instrument  for 
flushing  out  the  womb  can  be  made  from  an  ordinary 
funnel  and  a  clean  hose  about  four  feet  long.  This  an- 
swers the  purpose  of  an  injection  syringe  very  well.  In 
their  drinking  water  add  the  following:  Hyposulphite  of 
Soda,  sixteen  ounces;  Potassium  Iodide,  two  ounces. 
Make  into  sixteen  powders  and  give  one  powder  two  or 
three  times  a  day. 

In  addition  to  the  above  treatment  it  is  necessary  to 
give  alteratives  and  bitter  tonics  to  build  up  the  condi- 
tion of  the  animal  as  soon  as  possible.  The  following 
will  be  found  very  effective:  Pulv.  Gentian  Eoot,  four 
ounces;  Pulv.  Ferri  Sulphate,  four  ounces;  Nitrate  of 
Potash,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  sixteen  powders 
and  give  one  powder  three  times  a  day.  Place  in  a 
gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with  a  capsule  gun. 

My  reasons  for  giving  animals  medicine  in  capsules 
are: 

1.  There  is  no  danger  of  liquids,  as  in  drenching, 
escaping  into  the  lungs. 

2.  Any  drug  having  any  beneficial  effects  as  a  tonic 
is  very  bitter,  consequently  the  only  way  the  animal  will 
take  it  is  by  placing  in  capsule. 


JOINT   ILL,    NAVEL   ILL 

(Umbilical  Pyemia  and  Septicemia) 
Cause:  This  disease  is  produced  by  various  germs 
entering  the  navel  cord  of  newly  born  calves  when 
dropped,  the  navel  being  freshly  severed  and  its  coming 
in  contact  with  filth  and  manure  where  germs  are  nu- 
merous, consequently  germs  adhere  and  enter  the  blood 
stream.  Calf  Scours  as  a  rule  is  associated  with  this 
disease. 


134  THE    VETERINAEIxiN 

Symptoms  :  Swelling  of  the  joints  which  are  very  hot 
and  painful  on  pressure,  and  when  the  calf  is  made  to 
move  it  walks  stiffly  and  slowly,  does  not  care  to  nurse  its 
mother  or  take  any  food,  temperature  elevated  from 
105°  to  108°  F.,  breathing  hurried,  pulse  very  weak  and 
quick.  There  will  be  an  offensive  discharge  from  the 
navel  cord  of  a  yellowish  color  and  swollen  joints  finally 
break  and  also  discharge  a  thick  yellow  pus.  The  calf 
becomes  emaciated  and  finally  dies  from  exhaustion. 

Tkeatment:  Prevention.  Provide  clean  surround- 
ings for  cows  when  calving,  and  in  addition  to  this  have  a 
one  in  one-thousandth  solution  of  Bichloride  of  Mercury 
on  hand.  Wash  the  navel  well  in  the  solution  once  a  day 
until  the  cord  is  thoroughly  dried. 

Medical  Treatment:  Unsuccessful.  Sometimes  the 
calf  recovers,  but  at  best  the  calf  is  badly  stunted  and  is 
very  seldom  worth  keeping.  However,  the  following 
method  of  treatment  has  been  followed  with  fairly  good 
results:  Wash  the  navel  cord  well  in  a  one-thou- 
sandth solution  of  Bichloride  of  Mercury  two  or  three 
times  a  day  and  give  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  one-fourth 
1^  grain ;  Potassi  Iodide,  five  grains,  in  a  little  water  or  milk 
three  or  four  times  a  day.  Feed  them  three  or  four  eggs 
a  day,  molasses,  fresh  milk.  This  will  keep  up  the 
strength  and  vitality  and  a  good  recovery  may  follow, 
although  it  is  an  exception  and  not  a  rule. 


LACERATION  OF  THE  EYELID 

Cause:  An  eyelid  may  be  torn  on  the  manger,  rub- 
bing post  or  barb  wire  fence,  etc. 

Treatment  :  Wash  the  lacerated  portions  of  the  eye 
thoroughly  with  a  five  per  cent  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid. 
It  may  be  necessary  to  take  a  few  stitches  in  the  wound 
or  the  torn  edges  may  be  cut  off  with  a  pair  of  sharp 
scissors.  If  stitches  have  been  taken,  they  should  be  re- 
moved after  the  parts  have  united  and  the  eye  kept 
clean.    A  very  convenient  application  for  the  eye  in  this 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  135 

condition  is  Boracic  Acid,  one  dram;  Distilled  Water, 
four  ounces.    Apply  liberally  to  the  eye. 


LEECHES  .  , 

(Blood  Suckers)  ■. 

Leeches  which  suck  blood  of  cattle  are  sometimes  taken 
up  by  the  animals  when  drinking  water  from  ponds, 
etc.  The  leeches  attach  themselves  to  the  inner  surface 
of  the  mouth  or  nose,  and  sometimes  reach  the  upper 
part  of  windpipe  or  the  gullet.  Bleeding  at  the  mouth  or 
nose  may  be  noticed,  the  membranes  where  the  leeches 
attach  themselves  become  congested  and  swollen,  and  as 
a  result  of  the  loss  of  blood  anemic  condition  follows. 

Treatment:  If  the  leeches  can  be  reached,  they  are 
easily  destroyed  by  cutting  them  in  two  with  a  pair  of 
scissors  or  they  may  be  removed  with  a  pair  of  forceps  or 
w^ith  the  fingers  after  wrapping  a  piece  of  cloth  around 
them  so  as  to  prevent  slipping. 

Steam  from  boiling  hot  water  containing  Pine  Tar  or 
Oil  of  Turpentine  may  cause  leeches  to  release  their  hold 
if  they  cannot  be  removed  by  other  means.  In  ponds 
where  leeches  are  numerous,  eels  should  be  introduced 
as  they  feed  upon  blood  suckers  of  this  species. 


LUMPY  JAW 

(Wooden  Tongue^  Big  Head,  Actinomycosis) 
Cause:  The  Eay  Fungus.  This  organism  which  oc- 
curs in  the  tissues  in  the  form  of  russets  is  directly 
transmitted  from  one  animal  to  another.  It  seems  ap- 
parent that  the  fungus  is  conveyed  into  the  tissues  of  the 
mouth  by  various  food  stuff  through  slight  wounds  of 
the  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  or  an  animal  that 
has  decayed  teeth  or  during  the  shedding  of  milk  teeth. 
The  Ray  Fungus  is  found  naturally  vegetated  or  clinging 
on  the  awns  of  barley,  the  spears  of  oats  and  on  other 
grains.     Quantities  of  fungi  have  been  found  between 


136 


THE   VETERINAEIAN 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  137 

the  vegetable  fibers  of  barley  wliicli  had  penetrated  the 
gums  of  cattle  and  on  the  awns  of  grain  mibedded  in 
their  tongues. 

Lumpy  Jaw  can  also  be  transmitted  by  coming  in  con- 
tact with  or  eating  food  over  which  lumpy  jawed  cattle 
have  slobbered.  A  healthy  animal  eating  such  food  with 
very  slight  bruises  or  abrasions  of  the  mouth  will  con- 
tract the  disease  very  readily.  This  disease  is  mislead- 
ing as  other  organs  are  affected  with  the  Ray  Fungi  or 
the  Bacillus  of  Actinomycosis,  as  the  lungs  and  even  the 
digestive  organs  have  been  found  to  be  affected  with  this 
disease. 

Symptoms  :  External  symptoms  or  signs  are  the  only 
means  by  which  to  ascertain  the  disease.  Its  exact  loca- 
tion is  on  the  lower  jaw  bone  near  its  angle.  It  may  also 
affect  the  upper  jaw,  but  this  is  an  exception  and  not  a 
rule.  Internally  it  may  affect  the  tongue,  mouth,  throat 
or  lungs,  but  rarely  the  intestines.  This  enlargement 
continues  to  grow  until  it  reaches  the  size  of  that  of  a 
man's  head,  breaks  and  discharges  pus.  The  animal  be- 
comes poor  and  emaciated,  the  hair  takes  on  a  dull, 
roughened  appearance  and  in  many  cases  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult for  it  to  eat,  especially  w^here  the  disease  separates 
the  gums  and  bone  from  the  teeth  and  causes  them 
to  become  very  loose  or  to  drop  out.  The  animal  in 
the  latter  stages  of  this  disease  generally  dies  from 
starvation. 

Treatment:  Successful  in  its  first  stages.  Soft,  ni- 
trogenous food  should  be  fed,  such  as  wheat  bran  mashes, 
steamed  rolled  oats  or  barley,  hay  dampened  with  clean 
water,  so  as  to  make  it  pliable.  Hay  containing  woody 
matter  as  stems,  etc.,  should  not  be  fed  to  an  animal  af- 
fected with  Lumpy  Jaw  as  it  tends  to  aggravate  the  dis- 
ease. Internally  in  their  drinking  water  give  two  drams 
of  Potassium  Iodide  morning  and  night.  This  treat- 
ment, however,  should  be  omitted  when  the  animal's  skin 
becomes  scaly  or  when  an  excessive  watery  discharge 


138  THE    VETERINARIAN 

flows  from  the  eyes.  On  the  outer  surface  over  the  en- 
largement apply  the  following  ointment:  Red  Iodide  of 
Mercury,  four  drams;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  well  and 
rub  in  briskly  for  twenty  minutes  every  five  or  six  days 
for  three  weeks.  The  cure  can  generally  be  ascertained 
by  the  animal  gaining  in  flesh,  although  the  lump  may 
remain.  Where  Lumpy  Jaw  is  of  long  standing  so  as  to 
impair  the  use  of  the  animars  tongue  or  teeth,  it  is  best 
to  destroy  the  animal,  as  this  lessens  the  possibilities  of 
infecting  healthy  animals. 


LUNG   FEVER 
(Pneumonia) 

Cause  :  Generally  follows  congestion  of  the  lungs.  It 
may  be  due  to  parasitic  organisms  or  exposure  to  cold, 
drafts  when  warm  after  being  driven,  etc.  Drenching 
perhaps  is  the  most  common  cause  as  it  is  very  difficult 
for  a  cow  to  swallow  when  the  head  is  elevated ;  inhaling 
smoke,  gases,  etc.,  also  tend  to  produce  pneumonia. 

Symptoms:  Chilling  or  shivering,  temperature  ele- 
vated to  105°  or  106°  F.,  nose  hot  and  dry,  horns  and 
legs  cold.  Pulse  rapid  though  strong,  breathing  fast  and 
the  appetite  very  good  in  some  cases.  The  animal  uri- 
nates small  quantities  of  urine  but  often,  of  a  dark  amber 
color.  A  discharge  from  the  nose  follows,  also  a  cough. 
If  the  ear  is  placed  back  of  the  fore  leg,  a  dry  crackling 
sound  can  be  heard  something  on  the  order  of  rubbing 
hair  between  the  fingers. 

Tkeatment:  Place  the  animal  in  a  dry,  well  lighted 
and  ventilated  stable,  but  avoid  drafts.  Give  Pulv.  Iodide 
of  Ammonia,  one  ounce;  Pulv.  Potassium  Nitrate,  four 
ounces ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces ;  Pulv.  Capsicum, 
one  ounce ;  Quinine,  one  ounce.  Mix  well  and  make  into 
thirty-two  powders.  Place  one  powder  in  gelatin  cap- 
sule and  administer  every  three  or  four  hours  with  cap- 
sule gun.     Supply  the  animal  with  fresh  water  at  all 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  139 

times.  Feed  laxative  food  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes  or 
steamed  rolled  oats.  Also  feed  vegetables,  such  as  y)ota- 
toes,  apples,  carrots  and  kale.  It  is  also  advisable  to  ap- 
ply the  following-  over  the  region  of  the  lungs  just  l)ack 
of  the  fore  legs:  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four  ounces; 
Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces;  Eaw  Linseed  Oil,  six 
ounces.  Mix  and  shake  well  and  apply  two  or  three  times 
daily.  It  is  also  advisable  to  hand  rub  the  legs  and  band- 
age them  with  woolen  cloths. 

If  the  above  treatment  is  properly  carried  out,  the 
animal  will  make  a  complete  recovery  in  a  week  or  ten 
days.  

LOSS    OF   CUD 

Cause:  This  condition  cannot  always  be  traced  to  a 
definite  cause,  as  it  is  a  symptom  of  all  diseases  where 
the  process  of  rumination  is  interfered  with.  The  only 
method  by  which  a  cow  will  again  chew  her  cud  is  to  re- 
store her  back  to  health  by  the  proper  medical  treatment. 
Artificial  cuds  are  of  no  value  and  frequently  are  a  det- 
riment to  the  animal.  Other  symptoms  aside  from  those 
of  the  animal  not  chewing  cud  will  always  make  their 
appearance,  as  constipation,  diarrhoea,  elevation  of  the 
temperature,  etc.  The  animal  should  be  thoroughly 
examined  and  the  disease  treated  under  its  special  head- 
ing.   

MANGE 
(Scabies) 

Cause  :  There  are  four  different  parasites  which  pro- 
duce Mange  or  Scabies  in  cattle.  However,  three  of 
these  parasites  are  rarely  seen.  The  Symbotis  Com- 
munis is  the  parasite  commonly  seen  in  American  cat- 
tle. These  parasites  multiply  very  rapidly  and  are  con- 
veyed from  diseased  animals  to  healthy  ones  by  their 
hodies  coming  in  contact  with  one  another  and  by  healthy 
animals  rubbing  against  fences,  walls,  posts,  etc.,  where 
mangy  cattle  have  previously  nibbed. 


140  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

Symptoms:  Scabs,  loss  of  hair,  intense  itching,  the 
animals  are  constantly  rubbing  or  licking  themselves. 
The  parts  showing  the  first  signs  of  Mange  are  those 
about  the  croup,  or  the  root  of  the  tail,  the  neck  and 
withers,  but  as  the  disease  progresses  and  no  attempts 
are  offered  for  its  eradication,  it  finally  spreads  and 
covers  the  entire  body.  The  scabs  become  ulcerated,  the 
animal  becomes  weakened,  emaciated  and  eventually  dies. 

Tkeatment  :  Dipping  in  wood  or  concrete  vats  is  the 
most  satisfactory  method  of  treating  Mange.  The  reg- 
ular lime  and  sulphur  dip  as  recommended  by  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  is  inexpensive  and 
effective.  

MEASLY  BEEF 
Is  produced  by  a  larva  of  common  tapewomi  of  man. 
These  small  tapeworm  cysts  (taenia  saginata)  are  about 
the  size  of  a  pea  and  found  in  the  flesh  of  cattle,  which 
become  infected  by  eating  food  or  drinking  water  which- 
has  been  contaminated  by  the  feces  of  persons  harbor- 
ing adult  tapeworms.  Then  again,  the  person  becomes 
infected  by  eating  raw  or  rare  flesh  of  cattle  infected  with 
the  larva  stage  of  Measly  Beef.  Great  care  should  be 
exercised  to  prevent  cattle  from  becoming  infested  w^ith 
this  parasite.  Persons'  feces  should  not  be  placed  where 
it  will  infect  food  or  drinking  water  that  is  consumed  by 
cattle.  

MILK  FEVER 
(Parturient  Apoplexy) 
Cause:  Certain  conditions  predispose  cows  to  Milk 
Fever,  as  being  heavy  milk  producers,  cows  having  enor- 
mous digestive  power  and  being  heavily  fed  on  nitrog- 
enous food  naturally  are  in  a  good  condition,  conse- 
quently at  the  time  of  calving,  or  shortly  after,  they  are 
likely  to  develop  a  case  of  Milk  Fever.  It  is  more  com- 
mon during  summer  months,  although  this  condition  may 
develop  at  any  time  of  the  year  in  the  type  of  cow  de- 
scribed above. 


DISEASES   OF    CATTLE  141 

Symptoms  :  At  or  a  few  days  after  calving,  the  cow  is 
noticed  hanging  back  in  the  stall,  dull,  languid,  with  an 
unsteady  movement  of  the'  hind  legs.  If  the  cow  is  made 
to  walk,  she  steps  unsteadily  or  staggers,  pays  no  atten- 
tion to  her  calf;  she  finally  becomes  so  paralyzed  that 
she  falls  and  is  unable  to  rise.  The  pupils  of  the  eyes  are 
dilated  and  the  membranes  reddened  or  congested  with 
blood.  The  cow  may  lie  on  her  breast  or  flat  on  her  side, 
but  most  likely  upon  her  breast  and  her  head  turned  in 
the  region  of  the  flank.  She  apparently  is  sound  asleep. 
If  the  eyeball  is  touched  with  the  fingers  she  does  not 
close  the  eye,  nor  will  she  evince  any  pain  when  being 
pricked  with  a  pin  on  any  part  of  the  body.  The  nose 
is  dry,  the  temperature  is  below  normal  in  most  cases. 
Just  how  the  name  of  this  disease  started  by  the  name 
of  **Milk  Fever''  I  cannot  understand. 

Treatment:  When  the  above  signs  are  noticed, 
whether  the  cow  is  standing  or  lying  down  in  a  paralyzed 
condition,  obtain  an  ordinary  bulb  injection  syringe ;  in- 
sert a  tube  in  the  end  from  which  the  air  escapes.  After 
washing  both  syringe  and  teat  tube  in  a  five  per  cent  sot 
lution  of  Carbolic  Acid,  milk  or  strip  out  all  the  milk 
possible  from  the  bag,  then  insert  the  teat  tu])e  that  is 
connected  to  the  syringe  in  each  teat,  filling  them  well 
with  air,  and  repeat  this  treatment  every  hour  until  the 
cow  stops  staggering,  or  if  lying  down,  stands  on  her 
feet.  It  is  necessary  to  strip  the  milk  from  the  bag  be- 
fore giving  an  injection  of  air.  If  the  cow  is  lying  flat 
on  her  side,  prop  her  up  by  placing  bags  of  hay  or  straw 
against  her  side,  also  make  her  as  comfortable  as  pos- 
sible. If  lying  in  the  hot  sun,  provide  shade  by  placing 
a  canopy  over  her  made  from  burlap ;  if  the  weather  is 
chilly,  blanket ;  if  flies  annoy  her,  use  some  fly  repellant. 

This  disease  is  satisfactorily  treated.  Where  ninety 
per  cent  of  the  cows  died  at  one  time,  ninety  per  cent 
can  be  saved  by  the  above  treatment.  It  is  a  custom  with 
some  people  to  use  an  ordinary  bicycle  pump  for  treat- 


142  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

ment  of  Milk  Fever.  This  should  not  be  practiced,  as 
there  is  great  danger  of  infecting  the  bag  and  producing 
serious  complications. 

Medical  or  After  Treatment  ;  Never  drench  a  cow. 
Give  a  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger, 
three  drams.  Place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  w^ith  a 
capsule  gun.  Also,  give  tonics  as  Pulv.  Gentian  Root, 
two  ounces ;  Pulv.  Capsicum,  one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vom- 
ica, two  ounces.  Mix  and  place  into  eight  gelatin  cap- 
sules. Give  one  capsule  every  eight  hours.  This  tonic  is 
quite  necessary,  as  it  stimulates  their  appetite,  braces  up 
their  nervous  system  and  prevents  any  complications 
that  might  otherwise  follow. 


PARALYSIS 
(Congestion  of  the  Brain  or  Spinal  Cord) 

Cause:  May  be  due  to  a  morbid  condition  of  the 
brain  or  spinal  cord,  concussion  of  the  spinal  cord, 
fractures  of  the  bones  of  the  spinal  column,  or  violent 
shocks  or  jars  of  the  brain,  or  pressure  due  to  fractures 
of  the  skull,  or  dilated  or  ruptured  blood  vessels.  Paraly- 
sis also  occurs  in  poorly  fed,  weak  cows  when  exposed 
to  cold  or  wet  weather  during  the  latter  stages  of  preg- 
nancy. Sometimes  the  back  portion  of  the  bowels  (the 
rectum)  becomes  paralyzed  so  as  to  interfere  with  the 
expulsion  of  the  feces  which  becomes  dry  and  more  or 
less  impacted.  This  condition  may  also  occur  in  connec- 
tion with  Ergot,  Forage  or  Lead  Poisoning,  Milk  Fever  or 
Parturient  Apoplexy. 

Symptoms:  Appear  very  suddenly.  The  animal  is 
unable  to  stand,  lies  quietly  and  groans  occasionally. 
Constipation  generally  accompanies  this  condition. 
Sometimes  great  pain  is  present,  especially  if  due  to 
fracture  or  pressure,  as  above  mentioned. 

Treatment:  If  just  due  to  weakness;  exposure  to 
cold,  wet  weather;  cows  prior  to  calving;  slight  in- 
juries or  mild  effect  of  poisons,  it  is  successfully  treated 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  143 

by  placing  tlie  animal  in  a  comfortable,  well  lighted  stall, 
omitting  drafts,  feeding  nourishing  food,  as  warm  wheat 
bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats  or  barley  and  linseed 
meal ;  tea  to  drink  prepared  as  follows :  Pour  one  quart 
of  ^boiling  water  on  one-half  pint  of  Pure  Flaxseed,  al- 
lowing it  to  cool,  and  compel  the  animal  to  drink  it.  Re- 
peat this  once  or  twice  daily,  esj)ecially  if  the  animal  is 
pregnant.  A  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two  drams; 
Ginger,  two  drams ;  prepared  in  capsule  and  given  with 
a  capsule  gun  is  very  effective,  but  this,  however,  should 
not  be  administered  to  heavily  pregnant  cows.  Endeavor 
to  move  their  bowels  by  careful  feeding  of  laxative  food 
and  rectal  injections  of  soap  and  water.  Nerve  stimu- 
lants are  necessary  and  I  have  derived  good  results  from 
the  following:  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces;  Pulv. 
Ginger,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Eoot,  four  ounces. 
Make  into  sixteen  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  every 
four  or  six  hours.  Also  apply  powdered  mustard,  mois- 
tened with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water  to  make  a  paste, 
and  rub  over  the  full  length  of  the  spine  about  eight 
inches  in  width.  This  should  be  covered  with  paper 
which  will  adhere  readily  to  the  mustard  and  water. 
This  application  can  be  repeated  every  twenty-four  hours 
until  satisfactory  results  have  been  obtained. 


RED  WATER 

(Hematuria) 

Cause:  Marshy  pastures,  water  from  rich  decom- 
posed soil.  Vegetation  also  has  a  tendency  to  produce 
it  as  cattle  eating  green  shoots  from  oak,  ash,  hellebore, 
hazel  and  other  resinous  plants,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Bloody  urine  containing  no  blood  clots. 
This  condition  is  not  noticed  as  a  general  rule  until  the 
cow  loses  flesh  and  the  production  of  milk  is  considera- 
bly decreased.  One  particular  symptom  of  this  disease 
is  the  milk  being  exceptionally  foamy  and  perhaps  tinged 
with  blood.  If  the  disease  is  left  to  run  its  course,  the 
Gow  will  become  emaciated  and  eventually  dies. 


144  THE   VETERINARIAN 

Tkeatment  :  Find  out  the  cause  and  remove  it  if  pos- 
sible. See  that  the  water  supply  is  clean,  feed  nitrog- 
enous food,  as  wheat  bran  mashes  or  steamed  rolled  oats. 
Do  not  permit  the  animal  to  eat  resinous  plants  as  stated 
above. 

Administer  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces;  Pulv. 
Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Ferri  Sulphate,  four 
ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  sixteen  capsules  and  give 
one  capsule  two  or  three  times  a  day  with  capsule  gun. 
If  the  animal  is  constipated,  give  two  drams  of  Aloin, 
three  drams  of  Ginger.  Place  in  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  

RETAINED   AFTERBIRTH 

Cause:  Retained  afterbirth  may  follow  normal  or 
abnormal  calving  where  there  has  been  more  or  less  in- 
flammation of  the  womb  prior  to  giving  birth,  which 
causes  the  afterbirth  to  adhere  firmly  to  its  attachments. 
Cows  in  poor  condition  fed^on  poor  food  during  cold 
weather  are  very  susceptible  to  this  accident;  also  very 
common  in  aged  cows. 

Symptoms:  Very  easily  detected  by  portions  of  the 
membranes  (afterbirth)  protruding  from  the  Womb  or 
Vulva,  which  becomes  decomposed  very  shortly  and  offen- 
sive in  odor.  This  accident  is  very  serious  when  ab- 
sorption is  produced,  ill  health,  drying  up  of  the  milk  in 
addition  to  producing  inflammation  of  the  womb.  Whites, 
etc.  It  may  produce  blood-poisoning  and  chances  are 
you  will  lose  your  animal. 

Prevention  :  Very  important.  Feed  the  cow  on  food 
that  is  easily  digested  and  supply  her  with  fresh  water 
to  drink  that  is  not  too  cold.  Flaxseed  Tea  is  very  bene- 
ficial if  given  a  day  or  so  prior  to  calving  and  is  pre- 
pared by  pouring  a  quart  of  boiling  hot  water  on  one- 
half  pint  of  Flaxseed,  permitting  it  to  cool  of  its  own 
accord.  Then  compel  the  animal  to  drink  it.  This  ap- 
pears to  have  a  very  good  effect  on  separating  the  aft- 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  145 

erbirth  from  the  mushroom-like  bodies  of  the  womb  to 
which  it  is  attached. 

Medical  Treatment:  The  afterbirth  should  not  be 
pulled  away  by  force,  as  it  may  tear,  leaving  small  por- 
tions unremoved  that  perhaps  Avould  result  in  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  Womb  or  Whites.  To  remove  the  afterbirth 
insert  the  hand  and  carefully  detach  it  from  its  attach- 
ments, being  very  careful  that  the  cotyledons  are  not 
torn  off.  After  this  has  been  carefully  removed,  wash 
out  the  womb  with  Carbolic  Acid  solution  about  two  and 
one-half  per  cent.  An  instrument  can  be  made  for  this 
purpose  very  easily  from  a  clean  piece  of  hose  about 
four  feet  long  and  an  ordinary  funnel.  Sometimes  it  is 
necessary  to  give  physics,  as  Aloin,  two  drams ;  Ginger, 
two  drams.  Place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  stimulants  are  also  advisable 
such  as  powdered  Nux  Vomica,  powdered  Capsicum, 
powdered  Ginger,  powdered  Nitrate  of  Potash,  equal 
parts  four  ounces.  Make  twenty-four  capsules  and  give 
one  capsule  three  times  a  day. 


RHEUMATISM 

Cause  :  Exposure,  especially  when  the  animal  is  per- 
mitted to  lie  on  cold  damp  soils  or  floors.  Another  com- 
mon cause  is  an  animal  exposed  to  cold  drafts  after  per- 
spiring or  weakened  after  severe  physical  exercise. 

Symptoms:  Stiffness  when  walking,  variable  appe- 
tite, constipation,  hair  unthrifty  looking.  Passage  of 
urine  is  scant  and  of  an  amber  color,  usually  slight  ele- 
vation in  temperature  and  the  animal  lies  down  a  great 
part  of  the  time.  There  are  two  forms  of  rheumatism — 
muscular  and  articular.  The  former  affects  the  muscles 
of  the  body,  while  the  latter  affects  the  joints.  There 
will  be  swellings  that  are  tender  on  pressure,  which  may 
shift  to  different  parts  of  the  body. 

Treatment  :     Place  the  animal  in  warm  dry  quarters 

10 


146 


THE    VETEEINARIAN 


with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  clean  bedding.  Peed  foods 
that  are  easily  digested,  as  wheat  bran  mashes  and 
steamed  rolled  oats  and  vegetables.  Keep  pure,  cold 
water  within  the  animal's  reach  at  all  times.  The  fol- 
lowing prescription  has  been  found  very  effective  in  the 
treatment  of  this  disease :  Sodium  Salicylate,  six  ounces ; 
Nux    Vomica,    two    ounces ;    Pulv.    Gentian    Root,    two 


Ayrshire  Cows  Lily  of  Willowmoor. 

22,106  lbs.  Milk;  888.70  lbs.  Fat;  1046  lbs.  Butter,  4.02%  Fat. 

Gerranton  Dora  II. 

'21,023  lbs.   Milk;   804.79  lbs.  Fsit;   947   lbs.  Butter,   3.83%  Fat.) 

Owned  by  J.  W.  Clise,  Eedmond,  Wash. 

ounces;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  two  ounces.  Mix  and  make 
into  sixteen  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  three  times 
daily  with  capsule  gun.  If  the  bowels  are  constipated 
give  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger,  three  drams.  Place  in 
capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  When  the  joints  or 
muscles  become  swollen  and  inflamed,  the  following  lini- 
ment will  be  found  very  effective  in  reducing  the  swell- 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  147 

ings:  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  two  ounces;  Oil  of  Tur- 
pentine, three  ounces;  Sweet  Oil,  six  ounces.  Mix  and 
apply  by  rubbing  in  well  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

RINGWORM 

Cause:  Due  to  a  vegetable  parasite.  It  affects  the 
hair  and  the  outer  layer  of  skin  and  is  highly  contagious, 
being  transmitted  from  one  animal  to  another. 

Symptoms:  The  disease  usually  appears  in  the  form 
of  circular  patches  of  the  skin,  which  soon  become  denude 
of  hair.  Sometimes  a  white  sticky  discharge  and  the 
formation  of  scaly,  brittle  crusts  on  the  patches  appear, 
silvery  gray  in  color.  They  are  generally  confined  to 
the  head  and  neck.  It  is  a  common  disease  among  young 
cattle  in  the  Winter  and  Spring.  This  disease  is  at- 
tended with  more  or  less  itching  and  is  communicable 
to  man. 

Treatment:  Bemove  the  scabs  or  crusts  with  soap 
and  warm  water.  However,  the  surface  of  the  body 
should  be  well  dried  after  washing  each  time.  Apply 
Tincture  of  Iodine  with  a  camel-hair  brush  to  the  spots 
denuded  of  hair.  It  is  quite  necessary  that  the  barn  and 
rubbing  posts  be  disinfected  by  spraying  or  washing 
them  with  a  twenty-five  per  cent  solution  of  Carbolic 

Acid.  

ROUND  WORM 

Cause  :  An  animal  swallowing  the  eggs  of  the  parasite 
in  food  or  water  which  has  been  contaminated  with  the 
feces  of  infected  cattle.  There  are  two  species,  the  large 
Eoundworm  measuring  from  five  to  fourteen  inches  in 
length,  the  other  small  Eoundworm  varying  in  size 
from  one-quarter  of  an  inch  to  two  inches  in  length.  Both 
the  small  and  large  Eoundworms  infest  the  intestines 
of  cattle  and  calves.  These  worms,  especially  small 
Eoundworms,  irritate  the  mucous  lining  of  the  intes- 
tines, which  may  cause  severe  inflammation. 

Symptoms:     Anemia,    appetite    variable,    diarrhoea, 


148  THE    VETEEINARIAN 

general  weakness,  dullness  and  excessive  thirst;  also  a 
paleness  of  the  visible  membranes  of  the  mouth,  nose  and 
eye.  Worms  frequently  pass  with  the  feces  and  can  be 
readily  seen  by  a  close  observer. 

Preventive  Treatment:  See  prevention  of  Twisted 
Stomach  Worm. 

Medical  Treatment:  Withhold  all  food  from  eigh- 
teen to  twenty-four  hours.  To  calves,  two  to  eight 
months  old,  give  two  teaspoonfuls  of  Turpentine  in  a  pint 
of  milk;  to  yearlings,  give  one  tablespoonful.  Place  in 
gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  To  cattle  one 
year  old  and  over  place  one  ounce  in  a  gelatin  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.  This  treatment  is  to  be  re- 
peated twice  during  the  intervals  of  ten  days  or  two 
weeks,  which  insures  the  expulsion  of  the  eggs  of  worms 
that  escaped  the  first  treatment.  Also  keep  salt  where 
cattle  can  lick  it  frequently. 


RUPTURE 
(Abdominal  Hernia) 

Cause:  This  disease  occasionally  occurs  in  calves  by 
receiving  blows  from  the  cow's  horns  on  the  right  flank. 
After  such  an  accident  a  swelling  forms  near  the  last 
ribs.  This  swelling  may  be  either  hot  and  painful  or  soft 
to  the  touch.  It  can  be  made  to  disappear  by  careful 
pressure  when  the  sides  of  the  rupture  through  which 
it  has  passed  can  be  felt.  On  removing  the  pressure  the 
rupture  soon  regains  its  swollen  appearance.  Similar 
conditions  may  also  occur  in  aged  cattle,  usually  due 
to  injuries,  such  as  being  kicked  by  a  horse,  etc.,  or  due 
to  a  weakness  of  the  muscles  that  are  ruptured  some- 
times during  difficult  birth. 

Treatment:  Feed  the  animal  on  laxative  food  and 
feed  sparingly  on  bulky  food  such  as  hay,  straw  and 
grass.  Round  the  edges  of  a  block  of  wood  a  little 
smaller,  but  the  same  shape  as  the  rupture.  After  wrap- 
ping with  cloth  nicely,  place  it  over  the  rupture,  then 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  149 

place  around  the  body.  This  permits  the  ruptured  mus- 
cles to  grow  together,  providing  the  animal  is  properly 
dieted  as  stated  above. 

Sometimes  a  rupture  of  long  standing  or  a  newly  pro- 
duced rupture  may  be  treated  by  injecting  strong  sohi- 
tions  of  Common  Salt  around  the  torn  edges  of  the  mus- 
cles. This  causes  swelling  and  inflammation,  which  re- 
spectively forces  the  protruded  intestines  back  and  closes 
the  opening.  There  is  some  danger  attached  to  this 
method  of  treatment,  and  if  attempted  I  would  advise 
the  services  of  a  competent  Veterinarian. 


SCUM   OVER  THE  EYE 

Cause:     See  Inflammation  of  the  Eye. 

Symptoms  :     The  eye  has  a  smoke-colored  appearance. 

Treatment:  Silver  Nitrate,  two  grains,  thoroughly 
dissolved  in  one  ounce  of  Distilled  Water.  Apply  with 
dropper  two  or  three  times  a  day.  Feed  the  animal  on 
food  that  is  easily  digested  and  confine  the  animal  to  a 
cool,  clean,  dark  stall.      

SORE   THROAT 

(Laryngitis  and  Pharyngitis) 
Cause:     Sudden  cooling  of  the  surface  of  the  body,  as 
when  cattle  are  exposed  to  cold  weather  or  cold  rain  or 
the  inhaling  of  irritating  gases. 

Symptoms:  The  muzzle  is  dry,  temperature  slightly 
elevated  and  saliva  dribbles  from  the  corners  of  the 
mouth.  The  animal  either  does  not  swallow,  or  swallows 
with  great  difficulty,  and  holds  its  head  in  a  stiff,  straight 
position,  moving  it  as  little  as  possible.  The  eyelids  are 
half-closed  and  bloodshot,  and  the  animal  occasionally 
grinds  the  teeth.  After  masticating  the  food  the  animal 
drops  it  out  of  its  mouth  as  if  to  avoid  the  pain  of  swal- 
lowing, and  also  evinces  great  pain  when  pressure  is 
applied  from  the  outside.  In  acute  attacks  of  sore 
throat,   the   animal   coughs   with    great    difficulty   and 


150  THE    VETERINARIAN 

breathes  very  noisily.    The  nostrils  are  dilated  and  nose 
extended. 

Treatment:  Place  the  animal  in  as  comfortable  a 
place  as  possible,  permitting  as  much  fresh  air  as  pos- 
sible, but  avoiding  drafts.  Blanket  the  animal  if  the 
weather  is  chilly,  also  hand  rub  the  legs  and  bandage 
with  woolen  cloths. 

Administer  Chlorate  of  Potash,  two  ounces ;  Nitrate  of 
Potash,  two  ounces;  Tannic  Acid,  one-half  ounce;  Mo- 
lasses, eight  ounces.  Mix  well  and  place  one  tablespoon- 
ful  on  the  tongue  every  three  or  four  hours.  Peed  soft 
food,  as  wheat  bran  mashes  and  steamed  rolled  oats,  or 
boiled  vegetables.  Give  drinking  water  with  the  chill 
taken  off. 

It  is  always  necessary  to  apply  liniments  to  the  throat, 
and  I  would  advise  the  application  of  Aqua  Ammonia 
Fort.,  four  ounces;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces,  and 
Sweet  Oil,  four  ounces.  Apply  and  rub  in  well  two  or 
three  times  a  day.  

STRINGY    MILK 

Cause:  Cows  wading  or  standing  in  stagnant  pools 
of  water.  Frequently  stringy  milk  results  from  fungi 
entering  the  udder.  This  takes  on  an  infectious  form, 
and  several  cows  may  become  affected  at  one  time. 

Symptoms  :  Although  the  milk  appears  perfectly  nor- 
mal when  first  milked,  it  becomes  stringy  after  being  let 
stand  for  a  few  hours.  If  a  needle  is  inserted  in  the 
milk  and  slowly  withdrawn,  the  milk  will  adhere  to  the 
point  and  have  a  stringy  appearance.  If  the  cow  is  ex- 
amined carefully,  the  temperature  will  be  found  to  be 
elevated  a  degree  or  two,  the  appetite  poor  and  the 
nose  dry. 

Treatment:  Feed  laxative  food  and  see  that  they 
have  fresh  water  to  drink.  Also,  place  two  drams  of 
Soda  Bisulphite  once  or  twice  a  day  in  gelatin  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.     Do  not  permit  the  cow  to 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  151 

come  in  contact  with  stagnant  pools  of  water  that  carry 
this  infection.  Perhaps  the  best  plan  is  to  fence  out  all 
such  stagnant  pools  of  water. 


SUPPRESSION  OF  MILK 

(Absence  of  Milk) 

Cause:  Unusually  due  to  poor  health,  debility,  ema- 
ciated, chronic  disease  of  the  bag,  or  wasting  of  its 
glands  from  various  diseases  or  impure  food.  Some- 
times this  condition  is  produced  without  any  apparent 
cause. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause,  if  possible,  and 
remove  it.  Feed  warm  wheat  bran  mashes,  steamed 
rolled  oats  or  barley.  Administer  Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  one- 
half  ounce,  two  or  three  times  a  day.  This  has  a  very 
good  effect  in  this  particular  condition.  Also  rub  the 
bag  and  strip  the  teats  often,  and  apply  Oil  of  Lavender. 
The  majority  of  cases  respond  to  this  treatment  if  not 
due  to  chronic  disease  of  the  bag. 


TAPEWORM 

Cause:  Small  portions  of  tapeworms,  consisting  of 
one  or  more  segments,  are  occasionally  seen  in  the  drop- 
pings of  infected  cattle.  The  infection  is  undoubtedly 
taken  in  with  the  food  or  water,  infection  being  spread 
by  the  eggs  of  the  parasite,  and  being  expelled  with  the 
feces  of  an  infected  animal.  The  eggs  being  swallowed 
by  insects,  worms  or  snails,  which  act  as  an  intermediate 
host,  and  which  when  swallowed  accidentally  by  cattle 
while  grazing  or  drinking  carry  with  them  into  the 
animal's  stomach  the  infectious  stage  of  the  tapeworm. 
Aged  cattle  do  not  seem  to  suffer  much  from  tapeworms, 
but  in  calves  these  parasites  cause  scours  and  rapid 
emaciation. 

Symptoms  :  Emaciation,  diarrhoea,  loss  of  flesh,  rave- 
nous appetite,  paleness  of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the 


152  THE   VETEEINAEIAN 

mouth  and  eyes,  and  the  segments  of  the  tapeworms  can 
occasionally  be  seen  in  the  droppings. 

Teeatment:  Withhold  all  food  from  eighteen  to 
twenty-four  hours,  and  to  calves  from  two  to  eight 
months  old  give  two  teaspoonfuls  of  gasoline  in  a  pint 
of  milk.  To  yearlings,  place  one  tablespoonful  in  a 
gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  To  cattle  one 
year  and  over,  place  one  ounce  in  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  Repeat  this  treatment  two  or  three  times 
during  intervals  of  a  week  or  two. 


TEXAS    FEVER 

Cause:  Due  to  a  micro  organism  (Piropalasna  Bi- 
genium)  which  imbeds  itself  in  the  red  blood  corpuscles. 
This  disease  is  transmitted  or  scattered  by  means  of  a 
tick  which  drops  from  the  affected  animal.  The  disease 
has  various  names,  according  to  the  locality  in  which 
it  appears.  Among  them  are:  Spanish  Fever,  Red 
Water,  Black  Water,  Red  Murrian,  Australian  Cattle 
Tick  Fever,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite.  The  animal  ceases  to 
ruminate,  or  does  not  chew  the  cud,  and  every  sign  of 
unthrif tiness  is  displayed ;  a  high  temperature,  and  when 
the  animal  is  standing  the  back  is  arched,  but  the  animal, 
however,  prefers  to  lie  down  most  of  the  time  and  shows 
desire  for  solitude.  The  urine  is  very  dark  in  color, 
hence  the  name  **Red  or  Black  Water."  The  disease  is 
usually  fatal,  the  animal  dies  within  a  few  weeks. 

Teeatment:  My  advice  is,  when  this  disease  once 
develops,  or  an  animal  shows  any  of  the  particular  signs 
that  I  have  mentioned,  secure  the  services  of  a  competent 
veterinarian,  who  will  immunize  by  the  use  of  serums, 
disinfectants,  etc.  

TICKS 
Ticks  are  very  difficult  to  kill,  on  account  of  their  pro- 
tected location,  as  ear  ticks  are  not  affected  by  dipping, 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  153 

and  remedies  strong  enough  for  this  purpose  are  liable 
to  injure  the  animal,  but  these  parasites  may  be  expelled 
by  pouring  into  the  ear  Carbolated  Sweet  or  Cottonseed 
Oil  with  favorable  results. 


TUBERCULOSIS 

Cause  :  The  bacilli  of  Tuberculosis  thrive  in  animals, 
especially  those  in  a  weakened  condition,  or  when  ex- 
posed to  atmospheric  changes,  unwholesome  food,  dark 
and  poorly  ventilated  stables.  They  gain  entrance  into 
the  body  through  the  lungs  or  the  intestinal  canal.  They 
lodge  in  various  portions  of  the  lungs  or  intestines,  and 
multiply  very  rapidly,  causing  irritations  and  forma- 
tions, nodules,  cysts  or  abscesses.  They  are  the  means 
of  the  bacillus  entering  the  blood,  which  carries  the 
infection  to  other  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  spleen,  liver, 
udder,  womb,  etc.  Cows  affected  with  generalized  tuber- 
culosis, that  is  to  say,  the  infection  is  confined  to  not 
only  a  small  portion  of  the  lungs,  but  also  to  any  of 
the  above  mentioned  organs,  etc.,  may  give  birth  to  a 
calf  having  general  tuberculosis  at  birth,  or  shortly 
after,  due  to  the  cow's  blood  circulating  through  the 
body  of  the  calf  before  birth. 

Symptoms  :  This  disease  may  pass  a  casual  observer 
unnoticed,  although  in  some  instances  we  notice  a  slight 
cough,  unthriftiness,  dullness.  The  coughing  is  best 
marked  after  taking  a  drink  of  water  in  the  morning 
and  then  being  exercised.  Some  animals  keep  up  in  good 
condition  and  look  perfectly  healthy  while  some  get 
emaciated,  have  constipation,  variable  appetite,  and 
sometimes  growths  or  abscesses  can  be  felt  or  seen  in 
the  udder  or  glands  of  the  body  and  neck. 

However,  cattle  showing  any  weakness,  or  the  above 
symptoms,  should  be  tested  for  tuberculosis  by  a  com- 
petent veterinarian  who  has  had  the  privileges  of  a 
veterinary  education  and  experience  in  the  administra- 
tion of  tuberculin. 


154  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

Tkeatment  :  It  is  not  advisable  to  treat  tuberculosis. 
Thus  far,  medicine  has  failed  to  relieve  the  affected 
animal,  or  kill  the  bacillus  of  tuberculosis  in  a  living 
animal.  The  infected  animals  should  be  disposed  of  on 
account  of  tubercular  cows  giving  birth  to  tubercular 
calves,  the  milk  being  unfit  for  human  consumption,  un- 
less it  is  thoroughly  pasteurized.  Infected  cattle  should 
be  separated  from  healthy  ones,  as  the  disease  spreads 
very  rapidly.  Drinking  and  feeding  troughs  are  a 
means  of  spreading  the  infection,  therefore,  suspected 
cases  of  tuberculosis  should  be  tested  and  if  the  animals 
react,  they  should  be  slaughtered,  and  if  the  disease  is 
localized',  passed  for  human  consumption.  The  meat  of 
animals  suspected  of  having  tuberculosis,  or  reacting 
from  tuberculin  test,  should  be  well  cooked. 


TWISTED    STOMACH    WORM 

Cause:  Cattle  become  affected  with  this  worm  by 
grazing  in  pastures  in  which  infested  cattle  have  grazed 
and  scattered  their  droppings.  The  worms  in  the 
stomach  produce  a  multitude  of  eggs  of  microscopic  size, 
which  pass  out  of  the  body  wdth  the  feces.  In  w^arm 
weather,  these  eggs  hatch  in  a  few  hours ;  if  the  temper- 
ature remains  about  freezing  point,  they  soon  die.  •  The 
eggs  are  also  destroyed  by  dryness,  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  moisture,  if  the  weather  is  warm,  favors  their  de- 
velopment. The  twisted  worm  measures  one-half  inch 
to  one  and  one-half  inches  in  length. 

.  Symptoms:  General  weakness,  loss  of  flesh,  anemia, 
dullness,  capricious  appetite,  excessive  thirst,  paleness  of 
the  skin  and  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  and  eyes, 
and  dropsical  swelling,  especially  that  of  the  lower  jaw. 
Diarrhoea  always  accompanies  this  condition  and  if  the 
feces  is  carefully  examined  the  small  worms  may  be  seen 
wriggling  about  like  little  snakes,  or  when  an  animal 
dies,  and  the  fourth  stomach  is  opened,  these  worms  can 
be  seen  in  large  quantities. 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  155 

Tkeatment:  Preventive  measures  are  important,  as 
damp,  marshy  soil  favors  the  development  of  the  em- 
bryos. High  sloping  ground  is  preferable  for  pasture. 
If  low  ground  is  used  it  should  be  properly  drained ; 
burning  over  the  pasture  will  destroy  most  of  the  young 
worms  on  the  grass  and  on  the  ground.  Cattle  should 
be  supplied  with  water  from  flowing  streams  or  wells 
and  not  stagnant  ponds. 

Medical  Treatment:  Withhold  all  food  for  twenty- 
four  hours;  then  administer  Oil  of  Turpentine,  placing 
it  in  an  ounce  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Fol- 
low in  six  hours  with  a  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two 
drams;  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in  capsule  and  give 
with  capsule  gun.  When  this  worm  develops  in  calves, 
give  as  follows :  One  dram  of  Turpentine  to  a  calf  three 
months  old,  four  drams  to  a  calf  six  months  old,  six 
drams  to  a  yearling.  To  cattle  two  years  and  over,  give 
equivalent  dose,  or  an  ounce.  The  physic  should  l3e 
reduced  in  the  same  proportions  as  that  of  Turpentine. 


VERMINOUS  BRONCHITIS 

(Lung  Worms) 

Cause:  Due  to  worm  or  parasite  called  Strongylus 
Micrurus,  a  small  thread-like  worm  two  to  four  inches 
in  length,  found  in  the  bronchial  tubes,  a  portion  of  the 
lungs.  The  life  history  of  this  parasite  is  not  known, 
but  infection  is  apparently  derived  through  the  medium 
of  pastures  where  infested  cattle  have  grazed.  Young 
cattle  are  more  seriously  affected  than  old  animals,  es- 
pecially common  in  low  marshy  pastures. 

Symptoms  :  This  form  of  bronchitis  usually  affects  the 
entire  herd;  the  animals  become  poor,  unthrifty,  hack- 
ing, coughing,  especially  at  night,  and  sometimes  animals 
actually  cough  up  worms. 

Treatment:  Various  treatments  have  been  recom- 
mended for  Verminous  Bronchitis,  or  Lung  Worm,  as 


156  THE    VETEEINAEIAN 

injecting  Turpentine  into  tlie  windpipe  or  fumigating 
animals  by  placing  them  in  a  closed  shed  or  barn  and 
burning  sulphur,  compelling  the  affected  animals  to 
inhale  the  fumes.  This  treatment  perhaps  is  the  safest 
and  the  most  effective.  A  person  should  remain  in  the 
enclosed  shed  and  when  the  fumes  become  so  strong 
that  there  is  danger  of  suffocation,  open  the  doors  and 
windows.  This  treatment  should  be  repeated  every  w^eek 
until  coughing  ceases. 


HoLSTEiN  Cow  FiNDERNE  Pride  Johana  Eue  121083. 

28,403.7  lbs.  Milk;  1,176.47     lbs.  Butter  Fat. 

Somerset  Holstein  Breeders  Co.,  Somerville,  N.  J.     World's  Record  Cow. 

WARBLES    OR    GRUBS 

Cause:  By  the  heel-fly  or  warble-fly.  They  deposit 
their  eggs  on  the  legs  of  cattle  during  the  fall.  The 
animal,  licking  the  parts,  takes  the  eggs  into  its  mouth. 
These  eggs  gradually  migrate  into  the  gullet,  where  they 
hatch  and  burrow  through  the  tissues,  and  in  the  early 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  157 

spring  will  be  found  in  the  region  of  the  back  in  the  form 
of  small  lumps  under  the  skin. 

Symptoms:  Warbles  are  frequently  seen  under  the 
skin  in  the  region  of  the  back  and  over  the  loins,  and 
are  very  tender  to  the  touch.  When  they  are  fully  de- 
veloped they  work  their  way  through  the  skin,  which 
usually  occurs  in  the  early  part  of  the  summer.  Ex- 
amine your  cattle  in  the  winter  and  spring  for  the 
presence  of  grubs.  They  can  be  easily  found  by  run- 
ning the  hand  over  the ,  loins,  by  abrupt  swellings  or 
bunches  on  the  skin.  Pressure  on  the  swellings  will 
perhaps  cause  the  grubs  to  pop  out. 

Tkeatment:  Eemove  the  grubs  by  making  a  small 
incision  with  a  clean,  sharp  knife  in  the  center  of  the 
swelling.  Then  press  them  out  and  into  each  cavity 
from  which  the  grub  has  been  extracted,  or  squeezed  out, 
should  be  injected  a  five  per  cent  solution  of  Carbolized 
Sweet  Oil  to  prevent  any  further  development  of  flies 
or  grubs.  Cattle  sprayed  with  fly  repellants  during  the 
spring  and  summer  are  very  seldom  bothered  with  war- 
bles or  grubs.  However,  this  is  not  practical  in  range 
cattle;  dipping  instead  should  be  resorted  to-,  and  it  is 
surprising  what  results  will  be  derived  from  fly  repel- 
lants in  a  year  or  two.  They  will  practically  exterminate 
the  pest,  and  consequently  the  cattle  are  thrifty  and  look 
much  better. 


WARTS 

Cause:  Warts  may  appear  on  various  parts  of  the 
body,  and  are  due  to  an  abnormal  growth  of  cells  growing 
upon  the  outer  surface  of  healthy  skin,  or  they  may  grow 
upon  skin  that  is  deprived  of  the  proper  blood  supply. 

Tkeatment:  If  the  wart  is  located  where  there  is 
hair  surrounding  it,  cut  away  the  hair,  then  wash  the 
wart  and  surrounding  parts  with  a  five  per  cent  solution 
of  Carbolic  Acid  and  clip  the  wart  off  with  a  sharp  pair 
of  scissors  or  knife.     After  the  wart  is  removed,  can- 


158  THE    VETEEINARIAN 

terize  the  cut  surface  with  a  hot  iron.  Caustic  Potash 
or  Silver  Nitrate  should  be  applied  two  or  three  times 
at  the  intervals  of  two  or  three  days  to  insure  the  entire 
extermination  of  the  wart.  This  same  treatment  applies 
to  all  classes  of  warts  located  in  various  places. 


WHITES 
(Leucorrhea) 

Cause  :  Continual  chronic  inflammation  of  the  womb, 
or  due  to  irritations  from  a  laetained  afterbirth.  Inju- 
ries or  wounds  inflicted  by  hands  or  instruments  in 
difficult  calving,  diseases  of  the  ovaries,  etc. 

Symptoms:  A  giarish,  white  discharge  from  the 
womb.  When  cow  is  lying  down  it  flows  more  abundantly, 
soiling  the  tail,  etc.  The  general  health  may  not  be  much 
affected  at  first,  but  if  the  discharge  continues  and  is 
putrid,  the  health  fails,  the  milk  shrinks,  and  there  is  a 
great  loss  of  flesh.  In  some  cases  heat  is  more  frequent 
or  intense  than  natural,  but  the  animal  rarely  conceives 
when  served,  and  if  she  does,  is  likely  to  abort. 

Treatment  :  Feed  nitrogenous  food.  Wash  the  womb 
out  with  a  solution  consisting  of  f^Ye  grains  of  Perman- 
ganate of  Potash  to  one  quart  of  water.  This  should  be 
repeated  once  or  twice  a  day.  If  the  animal  is  consti- 
pated, give  two  drams  of  Aloin,  three  drams  of  Gringer. 
Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Also 
place  Potassium  Iodide  one  dram.  Hyposulphite  of  Soda 
one  ounce  in  the  drinking  water  two  or  three  times  a 
day.  This  not  only  diminishes  the  discharge,  but  has  a 
good  effect  on  the  blood,  particularly  where  there  is  more 
or  less  decomposition  of  the  flesh. 


WOLF    IN    THE    TAIL 
This  condition  is  imaginary,  although  the  muscles  of 
the  tail  relax  or  soften,  especially  those  of  its  extremity, 
due  to  ill  health;  consequently  the  condition  of  the  cow 
should  be  treated,  and  not  the  tail. 


DISEASES    OF    CATTLE  159 

Treatment  :  Eemove  the  cause.  Perhaps  the  animal 
has  indigestion,  or  a  cold,  etc.  Determine  the  malady 
by  careful  examination  and  treat  the  disease  under  its 
special  heading. 

It  has  been  a  custom  among  the  so-called  cow  doctors  ^ 
to  split  the  tail  with  a  sharp  knife,  then  fill  the  wound  \ 
with  salt  and  pepper  and  bandage  with  a  cloth.  This  is  / 
a  fallacy,  and  should  not  be  tolerated. 


Warts. — I  have  a  very  valuable  cow  that 
has  some  kind  of  growth  on  her  teats.  They 
are  not  common  warts,  but  a  sort  of  teat.  A 
few  are  about  one  inch  long.  They  turn  dark 
after  they  get  a  certain  length,  but  they  don't 
seem  to  go  away.  Please  tell  me  what  I  can  do 
about  It. — A.  R.,  Oklahoma. 

The  growths  you  describe  evidently  are 
warts.  If  they  have  slim  necks,  snip  thern  off 
with  a  pair  of  blunt  scissors,  a  few  at  a  time, 
then  apply  tincture  of  iodine.  Other  warts 
will  come  off  in  time  if  kept  well  covered  with 
melted  lard  or  bacon  grease  containing  all  the 
common  salt  it  will  take  up. 


Warts  on  Cows 

How  can  I  remove  warts  from  a  cow's 
teat''  I  have  a  very  nice  heifer  due  to 
freshen  in  the  Sprinj?.  She  has  two  very 
large  warts  on  a  front  teat.  They  are 
(^rowing  and  it  makes  large  bunches. 
"   New' York.  G.  w.  ir. 

The  daily  application  of  unboiled  lin- 
seed or  castor  oil  to  the  affected  parts  is 
of  benefit  in  their  removal.  Also  the  in- 
ternal administration  of  Fowler's  solu- 
tion or  some  arsenical  preparation  on  the 
feed  given  under  the  advice  of  a  veteri- 
narian is  of  assistance.  R.  W.  D. 


INTEREST    TABLE 

Six  per  Cent 


Time.  .Amt. 

$1 

$2 

$3 

$4 

$5 

$6 

$7 

$8 

$9 

$10 

$100 

$1,000 

Iday 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

17 

2  days 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.0 

0 

3 

33 

3  days 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

50 

4  days  .... 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

67 

5  days  .... 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8 

83 

6  days  

0 

0 

0 

0 

^ 

10 

1.00 

7  days 

0 

0 

0 

0 

12 

1.17 

8  days  .... 

0 

0 

0 

13 

1.33 

9  days 

0 

0 

0 

2 

15 

1.50 

10  days  .... 

0 

0 

2 

2 

17 

1.67 

11  days  .... 

0 

0 

2 

2 

18 

1.83 

12  days  

0 

0 

2 

2 

2 

20 

2.00 

13  days  .... 

0 

0 

2 

2 

2 

2 

22 

2.17 

14  days  .... 

0 

0 

2 

2 

2 

2 

23 

2.33 

15  days  .... 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

25 

2.50 

16  days 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

27 

2.67 

17  days  .... 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

28 

2.83 

18  days 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

30 

3.00 

19  days  

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

32 

3.17 

20  days  

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

33 

3.33 

21  days  .... 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

35 

3.50 

22  days  

0 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

37 

3.67 

23  days  .... 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

38 

3.83 

24  days 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

40 

4.00 

25  days 

0 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

42 

4.17 

26  days  

0 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

43 

4.33 

27  days 

0 

1 

1  t 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

45 

4.50 

28  days  .... 

0 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

47 

4.67 

29  days 

0 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

48 

4.83 

1  month  . . . 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

50 

5.00 

2  months  .. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1.00 

10.00 

3  months  .. 

2 

3 

5 

6 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

15 

1.50 

15.00 

4  months  .. 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

2.00 

20.00 

5  months  .  . 

3 

5 

8 

10 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

2.50 

25.00 

6  months  . . 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

3.00 

30.00 

7  months  .. 

4 

7 

11 

14 

18 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

3.50 

35.00 

8  months  . . 

4 

8 

12 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

4.00 

40.00 

9  months  . . 

5 

9 

14 

18 

23 

27 

32 

36 

41 

45 

4.50 

45.00 

10  months  . . 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

5.00 

50.00 

11  months  .. 

6 

11 

17 

22 

28 

33 

39 

44 

50 

55 

5.50 

55.00 

1  year 

6 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

6.00 

60.00 

From  the  above  table  of  interest  at  six  per  cent  one  can  easily  compute 
what  the  interest  on  any  amount  would  be  at  other  rates  of  interest,  viz.,  for 
three  per  cent  take  one-half;  for  seven  per  cent  add  one-sixth;  for  eight  per 
cent  add  one-third,  etc. 

160 


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DISEASES  OF  SWINE 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


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CHAPTER   III 


HOG   REGULATOR   AND   TONIC 

Nux  Vomica,  one  pound;  Hardwood  Charcoal,  two 
pounds;  Sulphur,  tw^o  pounds;  Common  Salt,  three 
pounds ;  Sulphide  of  Antimony,  one  and  one-half  pounds ; 
Glauber  Salts,  two  pounds;  Bicarbonate  of  Soda,  four 
pounds;  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  four  pounds;  Nitrate  of 
Potash,  one  pound;  Quassia,  one-half  pound;  Gentian 
Eoot,  one  pound;  Iron  Sulphate,  one  pound;  pulverize 
and  mix  well. 

To  every  one  hundred  pounds  of  hog  weight,  give  one 
tablespoonful  in  feed  or  swill  once  or  twice  daily.  For 
hogs  weighing  two  hundred  pounds,  the  dose  would  be 
two  tablespoonf uls ;  for  a  hog  weighing  fifty  pounds,  one- 
half  tablespoonful. 

Hogs,  like  other  animals,  require  tonics,  bowel  regu- 
lators and  worm  expellers.  For  these  purposes,  I  have 
prescribed  under  a  number  of  the  diseases  of  hogs,  which 
I  cover  in  this  chapter,  the  above  general  tonic  and  regu- 
lator which  I  have  used  in  my  personal  practice  with 
marked  success,  especially  serving  the  purpose  of  aiding 
hogs  in  their  convalescence  from  debilitating  diseases 
and  in  their  recovery  from  a  general  run-down  condition. 

Aside  from  its  general  tonic  and  regulative  effect,  this 
prescription  contains  nerve  tonics,  intestinal  antiseptics, 
laxatives,  worm  expellers,  and  aids  digestion,  etc. 

If  regularly  given  to  hogs,  and  sanitary  conditions 
are  maintained,  this  tonic  and  regulator  will  largely 
fortify  them  against  contagious  diseases. 


163 


164  THE    VETEEINARIAN 

ABORTION 

Catjse:  Sows  may  abort  at  any  state  of  pregnancy 
by  slipping,  falling,  receiving  kicks,  or  by  being  caught 
while  crawling  through  or  under  fences.  Sows  may  also 
abort  when  allowed  to  crawl  into  quarters  where  there 
are  other  hogs.  Contagious  diseases,  such  as  Cholera 
and  Pleuropneumonia  also  produce  abortion.  There  is 
also  a  contagious  form  of  abortion  in  sows,  but  this  is 
very  uncommon,  as  the  disease  spreads  very  slowly. 

Symptoms  :  There  is  no  warning  given,  as  a  rule ;  the 
sows  expel  their  pigs  before  any  signs  of  abortion  are 
noticed. 

In  other  cases  the  sows  refuse  to  eat,  become  uneasy, 
shivering  and  trembling  of  the  muscles,  and  straining  or 
labor  pains  are  noticed.  As  a  rule,  when  a  sow  aborts, 
she  will  not  prepare  a  bed,  as  she  would  normally. 

Tkeatment:  Preventive  is  the  only  safe  and  sure 
treatment,  although  when  the  first  sign  of  abortion  ap- 
pears, and  there  are  no  signs  of  the  membranes  coming 
away,  remove  the  sow  to  quiet,  warm,  clean  quarters  by 
herself,  and  if  straining,  give  one  dram  of  Chloral- 
Hydrate  in  her  drinking  water  every  two  or  three  hours. 

When  a  sow  aborts,  burn  the  pigs  and  afterbirth,  and 
disinfect  the  pens  with  a  Coal  Tar  disinfectant.  Keep 
this  up  for  several  days,  and  do  not  breed  until  all  dis- 
charges from  the  vagina  have  ceased  flowing. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   MEDICINE  TO   HOGS 

To  administer  medicine  to  hogs  may  seem  easy,  but, 
nevertheless,  it  is  a  difficult  task.  Never  lay  a  hog  on 
his  back  to  drench  him,  as  in  so  doing  there  is  great 
danger  of  strangling.  The  proper  method  is  to  stand 
or  set  him  on  end,  holding  him  up  by  the  ears,  and  by 
the  use  of  a  bottle  with  a  piece  of  hose  drawn  over  its 
neck,  give  the  medicine  very  slowly,  so  as  not  to  allow 
a  large  quantity  to  accumulate  in  the  mouth  or  throat 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  1G5 

at  one  time.  There  is  always  danger  of  some  of  the 
liquid  escaping  into  the  lungs  and  causing  the  hog  to 
strangle,  and  thus  it  may  produce  pneumonia.  How- 
ever, this  is  the  best  method  of  giving  hogs  medicine  by 
force. 

Hogs  will  generally  take  medicine  in  their  feed  or 
drinking  w^ater,  unless  they  are  very  sick,  or  the  medi- 
cine is  extremely  disagreeable  to  the  taste. 


BAG    INFLAMMATION 

Cause:  Injuries,  obstructed  teats,  accumulation  of 
milk  in  the  sow^s  bag  after  the  loss  of  part  of  or  all  of 
her  litter.  Difficult  birth,  slight  wounds  in  the  bag  per- 
mit invasion  of  germs,  which  is  frequently  the  common 
cause  of  bag  inflammation. 

Symptoms:  Heat,  pain  and  swelling  in  one  or  more 
teats.  The  general  body  temperature  is  elevated  one  or 
two  degrees  above  normal.  The  sow  perhaps  refuses 
her  feed,  although  she  will  drink  water  in  large 
quantities. 

Teeatment  :  Feed  soft,  sloppy  food  and  vegetables. 
Give  Epsom  Salts,  two  to  four  ounces,  in  milk  or  feed. 
It  is  also  well  to  milk  the  sow  by  hand,  relieving  her  of 
the  milk  three  or  four  times  a  day.  This  is  very  nec- 
essary. Camphorated  Oil  is  very  soothing,  and  I  would 
recommend  its  use  freelv  onlv  over  affected  teats. 


BLACK   TOOTH 

Cause  :  Black  Tooth,  so  called  in  swine,  is  principally 
due  to  injuries  to  the  teeth  received  by  chewing  hard 
matter,  such  as  bone,  etc.,  which  causes  them  to  decay. 

Symptoms:  Toothache.  Toothache  in  swine  is  sim- 
ilar to  that  exhibited  by  man,  in  show^ing  loss  of  appe- 
tite, salivation,  or  slobbering,  hanging  the  head  mostly 
to  the  side  which  is  affected,  loss  of  fear  of  man,  and 
offensive  breath.  If  the  hogs  are  fed  on  strongly  acid 
food  for  anv  lenerth  of  time,  their  teeth  mav  become 


166  THE    VETERINARIAN 

dark  colored.  As  the  teeth  are  not  materially  injured, 
so  long  as  decayed  tooth  substance  cannot  be  noticed, 
and  while  the  appetite  and  chewing  facilities  of  the  hog 
do  not  appear  to  be  diminished,  no  interference  w^ill  be 
necessary. 

It  is  customary  with  some  people  to  examine  the  teeth 
of  hogs,  and  if  one  tooth  is  found  darker  colored  than 
the  others,  it  is  supposed  to  be  the  cause  of  the  hog  not 
doing  well,  if  he  is  in  a  poor  condition,  and  the  tooth  is 
hammered  off  flush  with  the  jaw,  leaving  the  broken 
roots,  lacerated  gums  and  nerves  to  increase  the  hog's 
suffering.  If  the  hog  recovers,  it  is  often  concluded  that 
this  was  a  case  of  Black  Tooth. 

My  advice  is,  if  you  are  determined  to  have  the  tooth 
out,  extract  it  properly.  Do  not  break  it  off.  When 
your  hogs  are  not  thriving,  give  them  the  regulator  and 
tonic  prescribed  on  the  first  page  of  this  chapter. 


BLOOD   POISONING 

(Pyemia  Septicemia) 

Cause  :  Due  to  the  toxic  substance  produced  by  germs 
that  invade  wounds,  bruises,  abscesses,  or  womb  follow- 
ing farrowing,  if  lacerated. 

Symptoms:  The  seat  of  injury  becomes  swollen,  pus 
may  adhere  to  the  hair,  temperature  elevated,  appetite 
poor,  hog  moves  about  very  slowly,  becomes  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  drove,  lies  around  in  some  cool, 
quiet  place,  eventually  becomes  very  weak  and  poor  and 
dies,  if  good  attention  is  not  given. 

Treatment:  Separate  from  the  other  hogs  and  re- 
move to  a  clean,  comfortable  place  and  wash  the  seat 
of  injury  with  some  good  disinfectant,  as  a  five  per  cent 
Carbolic  Acid  solution.  In  case  of  abscess,  open  it  low 
so  as  to  assure  good  drainage.  Keep  clean,  cool  water 
before  your  hogs  at  all  times.  Give  mashes  made  from 
wheat  bran  and  hot  water,  or  any  good,  substantial  food 
that  is  easily  digested  containing  regulator  and  tonic 
prescribed  on  the  first  page  of  this  chapter. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  167 

BRONCHITIS 

Cause  :  Lung  worms,  poorly  ventilated  sleeping  quar- 
ters, sleeping  in  straw  stacks,  in  manure  heaps,  over- 
heated, filthy  pens,  where  the  animals  inhale  irritating 
gases  given  off  the  bodies  of  other  hogs,  and  from  filth. 
Smoke  and  dust  are  very  common  producers  of 
bronchitis. 

Symptoms:  Breathing  fast,  appetite  poor,  slight  rise 
in  temperature  and  coughing.  The  hog  is  dull  and 
stupid,  refuses  food,  but  drinks  water  frequently. 

Treatment:  Preventive;  avoid  the  above  named 
causes,  but  when  hogs  become  affected,  move  them  to 
clean,  well  ventilated  quarters,  avoiding  dust  and  gases, 
disinfect  bedding  and  floors  with  some  good  disinfectant, 
as  Crude  Carbolic  Acid,  sprayed.  Also  give  large  doses 
of  the  hog  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  the  first 
page  of  this  chapter.  Feed  vegetables,  or  any  easily 
digested  food,  and  hot  wheat  bran  mashes. 

In  case  the  disease  is  due  to  lung  worms,  confine  the 
animals  in  a  closed  shed  and  permit  them  to  inhale  the 
steam  from  Turpentine  and  water  for  a  few  minutes,  by 
placing  water  and  Turpentine  in  a  tin  receptacle  holding 
about  two  gallons,  and  inserting  heated  bricks  or  stones 
into  the  solution.  

CASTRATION 

This  is  generally  understood  by  every  stockraiser, 
yet  there  are  some  points  many  do  not  know.  For 
instance,  you  should  use  in  this  operation  an  antiseptic 
solution,  as  Carbolic  Acid  or  Bichloride  of  Mercury. 
Wash  thoroughly  with  antiseptic  yours  hands  and  knife, 
also  the  seat  of  operation  and  make  your  incision  as  low 
as  possible  to  permit  the  pus  to  drain  out  nicely.  If  this 
is  not  practiced,  the  pus  will  become  absorbed  into  the 
blood,  producing  blood  poison,  which  may  produce  death, 
or  at  the  best  will  cause  the  hog  to  become  stunted, 
whereas,  if  the  operation  is  performed  properly,  the  hog 


168  THE    VETERINARIAN 

will  thrive,  regardless  of  the  shock  from  the  operation. 
I  may  add  that  it  is  much  better  to  castrate  pigs  or 
hogs  when  their  stomach  and  intestines  are  empty,  and 
it  is  always  good  practice  to  feed  laxative  and  easily 
digested  foods  sparingly  after  this  operation. 


^  CHOKING 

Cause:  Vegetables,  such  as  potatoes,  etc.,  roots,  as 
carrots,  turnips  and  sometimes  pieces  of  bone  or  glass, 
lodge  in  the  gullet.  Paralysis  of  the  muscular  fibres  of 
the  gullet  is  a  very  common  cause  of  choking  in  swine. 

Symptoms  :  The  hog  is  unable  to  swallow,  producing 
frothing  at  the  mouth  and,  if  the  obstruction  cannot  be 
dislodged,  death  occurs  in  a  very  short  time.  Some- 
times the  obstruction  in  the  gullet  may  be  felt  from  the 
outside  with  the  hand. 

Tkeatment:  The  administration  of  small  doses  of 
Raw  Linseed  or  Olive  Oil,  or  Lard,  will  assist  in  dislodg- 
ing the  obstruction.  Also  careful  manipulation  of  the 
gullet  from  the  outside  with  the  hand  assists  in  either 
forcing  it  into  the  stomach  or  bringing  it  out  through 
hog's  mouth.  If  vomiting  can  be  produced,  it  will  dis- 
lodge the  obstruction.  If  immediate  results  are  not 
obtained  from  the  above  treatments,  I  would  recommend 
butchering  the  hog  for  meat  immediately. 


COLD    IN    THE    HEAD 

(Nasal  Catarrh) 

Cause:  Exposure  to  cold;  a  very  common  condition 
in  cold,  wet  weather  when  hogs  are  allowed  to  sleep  in 
manure  heaps,  straw  stacks,  or  pile  up  together,  when 
they  become  overheated  and  later  chill.  Nasal  Catarrh 
may  also  be  due  to  inhaling  dust  or  irritating  gases. 

Symptoms  :  The  animal  is  stupid  and  feverish,  cough- 
ing and  sneezing  frequently;  appetite  is  poor,  eyes 
watery  and  inflamed;  a  discharge  of  mucus  from  the 
nose  will  terminate  in  yellow  pus  and  the  nose,  if  ex- 
amined, is  found  to  be  inflamed  and  ulcerated. 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  169 

Treatment  :  The  best  and  safest  treatment  is  to  pro- 
vide clean  sleeping  quarters,  avoid  overcrowding  in 
dusty,  dirty  sheds,  especially  during  cold  weather.  Pigs 
affected  with  cold  in  the  head  should  be  fed  on  laxative 
food,  sucli  as  boiled  carrots,  potatoes,  apples,  hot  wheat 
bran  mashes  and  steamed  rolled  oats. 

Medical  Treatment:  Confine  the  affected  hogs  to  a 
shed,  close  windows  and  doors  and  any  large  cracks; 
then  compel  them  to  inhale  steam  from  the  following 
mixture :  Turpentine,  eight  ounces ;  Pine  Tar,  one  pint ; 
Water,  two  gallons.  Place  in  tin  receptacle  in  center  of 
shed  and  beat  the  above  solution  by  adding  hot  bricks 
or  stones  to  the  mixture  occasionally.  Compel  the  hogs 
to  inhale  this  steam  for  at  least  thirty  minutes  twice  a 
day.  Give  Chlorate  of  Potash  in  twenty  grain  doses 
three  times  a  day  in  feed  or  drinking  water.  This  treat- 
ment is  very  successful  if  the  inflammation  has  not 
extended  to  tbe  lungs. 

DIARRHOEA    IN    YOUNG   PIGS 

(Scours) 

Cause:  Decomposed  foods,  slops,  etc.,  fed  to  the 
mothers,  causing  them  to  give  toxic  milk.  Poorly  ven- 
tilated, filthy,  cold  and  damp  pens,  insufficient  exercise, 
lack  of  sunlight,  raising  pigs  by  hand  or  with  other  sow. 

Symptoms:  Frequent  movement  of  the  bowels,  the 
passage  being  of  a  grayish-white  color  and  the  odor  very 
disagreeable.  At  this  stage  of  the  disease,  reliable  reme- 
dies must  be  given  or  the  pig  will  die  very  soon. 

The  discharge  from  the  bowels  becomes  very  thin,  the 
tail  and  legs  become  soiled,  loss  of  appetite,  the  pigs 
become  weak  and  dull,  hair  rough  and  it  is  difficult  for 
them  to  move  about.  In  very  young  pigs,  treatment  is 
of  little  value. 

Treatment  :  As  Scours  in  pigs  is  a  disease  frequently 
caused  bv  faultv  food  and  insanitary  surroundings,  a 


170  THE    YETEEINAEIAN 

preventive  treatment  is  of  great  importance,  and  mucli| 
better  results  are  thus  obtained  than  by  the  use  of 
medical  agents.  Medical  treatment  consists  in  first 
cleaning  away  the  irritant  present  in  the  bowels.  For 
this  purpose  give  one  to  two  tablespoonfuls  of  Castor  Oil. 
At  the  time  of  farrowing  all  sows  should  receive  a  light 
diet  and  be  kept  in  clean,  dry  quarters.     The  pigs  should 


Chester  Whites. 
Owned  by  C.  A.  Slepicka,  Tobias,  Nebr. 

be  allowed  pure  air,  sunshine  and  exercise.  If  the  sow 
appears  hot  and  feverish,  give  one  to  three  ounces  of 
Castor  Oil  in  milk  or  swill.  Avoid  feeding  decomposed, 
moldy  food,  or  sour  milk.  To  check  the  diarrhoea  in 
pigs,  use  the  following  after  the  irritant  is  removed  or 
cleaned  out  as  above  stated:  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates, 
thirty  grains ;  Protan,  two  ounces ;  Pulv.  Gentian  Eoot, 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  171 

two  ounces.  Make  into  sixty  capsules  or  powders  and 
give  one,  three  or  four  times  a  day.  The  sow  should 
receive  a  dose  about  eight  times  the  size  of  that  of  the 

pigs.  

HOG    CHOLERA 

Cause:  By  the  Bacillus  Sius;  contaminated  food, 
stagnant  water,  filth,  etc.,  all  have  a  tendency  to  aid  its 
progress.  I  have  seen  farms,  although  located  in  sec- 
tions w^here  Cholera  was  prevalent,  not  in  the  least 
troubled  with  the  malady,  perhaps  due  to  careful  feed- 
ing of  clean  foods,  care  in  watering,  cleanliness  about  the 
pens  and  sheds  and  disinfecting  occasionally,  but  no 
doubt  a  better  explanation  is  that  those  hogs  received 
tonics,  containing  worm  expellers,  at  least  four  times  a 
year.  Many  a  case  of  supposed  Hog  Cholera  is  due  to 
worms  irritating  and  producing  inflammation  of  the  in- 
testines, followed  by  diarrhoea.  A  person  not  familiar 
with  the  disease  calls  this  *^hog  cholera."  In  other 
cases,  hogs  which  are  fed  swills  from  restaurants,  hotels, 
etc.,  containing  soap,  washing  powders,  small  particles  of 
glass,  etc.,  will  die  with  symptoms  leading  a  person  to 
think  they  had  Hog  Cholera,  but  if  a  thorough  investiga- 
tion is  made  the  true  cause  of  death  can  easily  be  discov- 
ered. 

Symptoms:  In  true  Hog  Cholera,  the  temperature 
will  be  elevated  two  to  four  degrees  above  normal. 
There  will  be  a  loss  of  appetite,  vomiting,  diarrhoea,  al- 
though there  may  be  constipation  when  the  hog  is  first 
affected.  The  hog  wanders  off  by  itself  to  some  cool, 
quiet  place  and  lies  down.  When  it  walks  it  will  stagger 
and  show  great  stiffness  in  its  hind  parts,  due  to  sore- 
ness of  the  intestines.  The  hair  will  have  a  roughened 
appearance,  the  back  arched,  the  eyes  inflamed  and  dis- 
charging pus,  red  blotches  will  show  themselves  back  of 
the  ears,  inside  the  legs  and  on  the  abdomen.  At  this 
stage  the  diarrhoea  is  watery,  dark  and  tinged  with 
blood,  and  very  offensive  in  odor,  breath  is  very  fast  and 
labored.     The  hog  grows  very  weak  and  dies. 


172  THE    VETEEINAEIAN 

Treatment:  Prevention  must  always  be  borne  in 
mind.  Do  not  feed  filthy  food.  Always  feed  good, 
wholesome  food,  and  give  clean  water  to  drink.  Watch 
the  condition  of  hog's  bowels  and  regulate  them  by  feed- 
ing. Burn  manure  and  bedding  and  disinfect  carefully. 
Do  not  permit  your  hogs  to  drink  out  of  running  streams 
of  water,  especially  if  Hog  Cholera  is  in  your  neighbor- 
hood. When  buying  hogs,  it  is  well  to  keep  them  off  by 
themselves  for  two  or  three  weeks,  as  they  may  be  dis- 
eased. Do  not  permit  neighbors,  their  stock  or  dogs  on 
your  premises  when  Hog  Cholera  is  raging,  as  the  infec- 
tion of  Hog  Cholera  can  be  spread  very  rapidly  by 
matter  from  the  affected  hogs  adhering  to  the  shoes  of 
man,  to  the  feet  of  stock  and  dogs,  etc. 

I  am  positive  that  if  this  method  were  properly  prac- 
ticed by  all  hog  raisers  and  feeders.  Hog  Cholera  would 
be  a  very  rare  disease. 

Serum  Treatment  :  This  is  successful  in  some  cases, 
and  in  others  unsuccessful.  The  latter  perhaps  is  due 
to  poor  serums,  or  the  disease  being  so  far  advanced  in 
its  progress  that  the  hogs  are  beyond  recovery.  Serum 
treatment  is  very  expensive  and,  as  it  requires  a  strictly 
septic  operation  of  injecting  the  serum,  the  average  hog 
raiser  or  grower  is  not  qualified  to  administer  the  treat- 
ment properly.  An  additional  and  necessary  expense  is 
the  services  of  a  Veterinary  Surgeon.  Therefore,  I 
strongly  urge  adoption  of  preventive  measures  as  stated. 
Use  some  good  disinfectant,  such  as  Crude  Carbolic  Acid, 
which  destroys  the  Bacillus  of  Hog  Cholera.  Also  ad- 
minister hog  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first 
page  of  this  chapter.  This  will  expel  worms,  tone  the 
system,  regulate  the  bowels  and  fortify  your  hogs  against 

Hog  Cholera.  

INDIGESTION 

Cause  :  Worms  are  perhaps  one  of  the  most  common 
causes.  Umvholesome,  irritating  food  or  swill  contain- 
ing soap  or  washing  powder  have  a  tendency  to  derange 
the  process  of  digestion. 


DISEASES   OF,   SWINE  173 

Symptoms:  Abdominal  pain,  vomiting,  back  arched, 
breathing  rapid  and  temperature  elevated  from  two  to 
three  degrees.  There  may  be  diarrhoea  or  the  animal 
may  be  constipated.  Vomiting,  as  a  rule,  relieves  acute 
attacks  by  expelling  the  irritant  from  the  bowels.  When 
it  takes  a  chronic  form,  the  hogs  become  stunted. 

Treatment:  Endeavor  to  find  out  the  cause  and  re- 
move it.  If  constipated,  give  Calomel,  fifteen  to  twenty 
grains,  or,  if  diarrhoea  appears,  give  hog  regulator  and 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter.  Feed 
with  hot  wheat  bran  mashes.  This  will  expel  all  worms 
and  aid  digestion. 


JAUNDICE 

(Yellows) 

Cause:  Liver  flukes,  intestinal  worms,  gall  stones, 
lack  of  exercise,  overfeeding,  or  a  stoppage  of  the  bile 
duct. 

Symptoms:  The  white  portions  of  the  eyes  take  on 
a  yellow  color,  as  do  the  membranes  of  the  mouth,  back 
arched,  hair  looks  rough,  vomiting,  temperature  elevated, 
constipation,  although  diarrhoea  is  sometimes  noticed. 
The  urine  is  passed  frequently,  and  is  of  a  dark  amber 
color. 

Treatment:  This  disease  requires  careful  feeding 
and  plenty  of  exercise.  Give  Calomel,  ten  to  twenty 
grains,  then  follow  with  large  doses  of  regulator  and 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter.  It  is 
important  in  this  disease,  especially  if  due  to  worms. 
Feed  clean  swill  and  vegetables.  Give  hogs  all  the  pure 
water  they  will  drink.     

KIDNEY    CONGESTION 

Cause:  Hogs  are  subject  to  various  injuries  about 
the  kidneys,  due  to  a  large  number  of  hogs  piling  up, 
exposure  to  cold,  wet  rains,  etc. 

Symptoms  :     Small  quantities  of  dark  colored  urine  are 


174  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

passed  frequently,  appetite  poor,  no  energy  to  move 
about.  Hogs  lie  around  a  great  deal ;  at  times  they  may 
be  paralyzed  and  drag  their  hind  quarters. 

Treatment:  Apply  cloths  or  blankets  wrung  out  of 
hot  water  over  the  loin;  also  give  Potassium  Acetate  in 
twenty  grain  doses  four  or  five  times  a  day  in  drinking 
water.  Feed  soft,  sloppy  food,  containing  regulator  and 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  the  first  page  of  this  chapter.  It 
contains  nerve  stimulants,  just  what  is  required  in 
paralysis. 


m 


Grand  Champion  Duroc  Boar. 
Economy  Stock  Farm,  Shenandoah,  Iowa. 

KIDNEY    WORM 

Cause  :  Damp,  filthy  surroundings  seem  to  favor  the 
growth  of  embryos  of  this  worm.  They  are  taken  into 
the  digestive  canal  with  the  food  and  eventually  pass  to 
the  region  of  the  kidneys,  where  they  find  conditions 
favorable  in  which  to  multiply. 

Symptoms  :  May  prodube  paralysis  of  the  hind  quar- 
ters, in  which  ease  the  animal  would  not  exhibit  such 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  175 

marked  tenderness  on  being  pressed  over  the  loins  with 
the  fingers  as  it  would  if  the  weakness  of  the  hind  quar- 
ters was  due  to  a  sprain  or  to  rheumatism  of  the  loins. 
Occasionally  hogs  may  suffer  from  the  presence  of  one 
or  more  worms  in  the  kidneys ;  but  the  ailment  is  rarely 
fatal,  becoming  so  only  after  a  long  time  of  suffering 
resulting  in  a  degeneration  of  one  or  both  kidneys.  It 
is  almost  impossible  to  diagnose  the  presence  of  worms 
in  the  kidneys  of  hogs,  except  by  chance  through  a  micro- 
scopic examination  of  the  urine.  If  worms  are  found  in 
the  kidneys  of  a  hog  that  has  died  or  been  slaughtered 
for  food  it  may  then  be  reasonably  supposed  that  other 
hogs  of  the  same  herd  not  acting  normal  are  infected 
with  worms  of  the  same  species. 

Tkeatment  :  Teaspoonful  doses  of  Turpentine  in  milk 
three  times  a  week  is  the  only  treatment  I  could  recom- 
mend. Preventive  measures  is  the  only  practical  method 
of  treating  a  disease  of  this  nature.  Give  your  hogs  pure 
water  and  food.  Disinfect  pens  occasionally  and  keep 
them  clean.  

LICE  ON  HOGS 
Dip,  spray  or  scrub  your  hogs  with  some  good  Coal 
Tar  disinfectant,  but  whatever  remedy  is  used  it  should 
be  applied  more  than  once  which,  of  course,  causes  con- 
siderable work  where  there  is  a  large  number  of  hogs 
infested,  unless  dipped,  which  is  more  quickly  done. 
The  reason  for  repeated  applications  being  necessary  is 
that  although  the  lice  which  hogs  pick  up  from  the 
ground,  bedding  and  rubbing  places,  may  be  killed  by 
first  application,  it  often  does  not  affect  the  nits,  which 
remain  intact  and  hatch  within  a  week  or  ten  days.  A 
new  crop  of  Lice  appears  on  the  hog  from  this  source. 
Eemove  all  manure  and  bedding  from  pens  and  sheds 
and  burn  it.  Disinfect  floors  and  spray  sides  of  shed, 
pens  and  rubbing  places  with  disinfectants,  one  part  to 
seventy-two  parts  of  water,  once  a  month  and  you  will 
be  handsomely  repaid  for  your  labor. 


176  THE    A^ETEEIXAEIAN 

LUNG  FEVER 
(Inflammation  of  the  Lungs) 

Cause:  Sudden  changes,  exposure  to  storms,  piling 
up  of  hogs  during  cold  nights,  or  sleeping  in  manure 
heaps,  old  straw  stacks,  etc. 

Symptoms  :  Pig  or  hog  is  taken  with  shivering  spells, 
is  stupid,  his  back  is  arched,  loss  of  appetite,  temperature 
elevated  two  to  four  degrees  above  normal,  short  hurried 
breathing,  generally  accompanied  with  cough,  which  is 
deep  and  hoarse.    As  a  rule  the  hog  is  constipated. 

Tkeatment:  Place  in  good,  clean,  warm,  well  venti- 
lated quarters,  free  from  drafts.  Keep  water  before 
them  at  all  times,  adding  Saltpeter,  one  teaspoonful  to 
every  gallon,  of  water.  If  constipated,  do  not  give 
physics;  give  injections  of  soap  and  warm  water;  also 
administer  about  one-half  teaspoonful  of  Pine  Tar  on 
the  tongue  with  a  wooden  paddle.  This  adheres  to  the 
tongue  and  gradually  dissolves  and  gives  excellent  re- 
sults, as  it  is  very  soothing  to  the  organs  of  breathing. 
During  the  convalescent  stage,  give  hog  regulator  and 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter. 


LUNG   WORMS 

Cause:  By  threadlike  worms  varying  in  length  from 
one-half  to  one  and  one-half  inches  and  of  a  brownish- 
white  color.  They  are  found  in  the  windpipe  and  tubes 
leading  into  the  lungs.  The  adult  worms  in  the  lungs 
produce  large  quantities  of  eggs,  which  are  coughed  up 
with  mucus  and  become  scattered  over  premises  where 
other  hogs  are  permitted  to  walk.  The  hogs  inhale  the 
dust  containing  the  eggs  into  their  lungs,  where  the  eggs 
find  moisture  sufficient  for  their  development. 

Symptoms:  Severe  coughing  spells.  Large  quanti- 
ties of  mucus  will  escape  from  the  nose  and  mouth. 
The  hog  becomes  stunted,  although  he  may  eat  fairly 
well,  but  if  not  relieved,  the  worms  collect  in  the  Bronchi 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  177 

and  produce  sudden  death  due  to  suffocation.  The 
worms  may  set  up  an  inflammation  of  the  lining  mem- 
branes of  the  lungs,  which  is  sometimes  taken  for  S\vine 
Plague,  or  Cholera.  This  disease  is  not  uncommon,  es- 
pecially in  old,  filthy,  poorly  drained  hog  houses  and 
pastures. 

Treatment:  Confine  the  affected  hogs  to  a  shed; 
close  the  windows  and  doors  and  any  large  cracks,  then 
compel  the  hogs  to  inhale  steam  from  the  following 
mixture :  Turpentine,  eight  ounces ;  Pine  Tar,  one  pint ; 
Water,  two  gallons.  Place  in  tin  receptacle  in  center  of 
the  shed  and  heat  the  above  solution  by  adding  hot 
bricks  or  stones  to  the  mixture  occasionally.  Compel 
them  to  inhale  this  steam  for  at  least  thirty  minutes 
twice  a  day.  Feed  wholesome  food  to  which  add  hog 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter.  A 
strong,  vigorous  hog  may  have  worms,  but  it  retains  its 
vitality  so  long  as  it  is  well  fed. 


MANGE 

Cause  :  By  the  Sarcoptes  Scabei.  This  parasite  bur- 
rows under  the  outer  surface  of  the  skin. 

Symptoms:  The  parasite  usually  manifests  itself  on 
the  skin  under  the  armpits,  thighs  and  inside  of  the 
fore  legs.  At  first  small  red  blotches  or  pimples  appear, 
and  these  gradually  spread  as  the  parasites  multiply  and 
burrow  under  the  skin. 

Treatment:  There  is  no  other  way  of  curing  this 
disease,  or  of  preventing  it,  than  by  killing  the  parasites 
and  their  eggs ;  not  only  on  the  pigs  themselves,  but  also 
on  the  sides  of  the  pens,  sheds,  rubbing-posts,  or  any- 
thing that  an  affected  hog  rubs  against. 

When  treating  this  disease,  the  real  aim  must  be  to 
kill  the  parasite  by  the  prompt  and  continuous  use  of 
external  remedies,  such  as  washing  or  dipping,  which 
is  better  done  with  some  good  disinfectant,  one  part  to 

12 


178  THE    VETERINARIAN 

seventy  parts  water.  Repeat  this  every  ten  days  until 
cured.  Two  dippings  are  generally  sufficient.  It  is  well 
to  feed  cooling  foods,  such  as  clean  slops  and  vegetables, 
containing  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page 
of  this  chapter.  

NAVEL   RUPTURE 
(Navel  or  Umbilical) 

Cause:  Injuries.  Pigs  crowding  through  narrow 
doorways  or  openings  in  fences,  small  pigs  sleeping  with 
large  pigs,  and  allowed  to  pile  up,  or  being  thrown  about 
feed  troughs  when  feeding.  Weakness  and  constipa- 
tion also  predisposes  them  to  Navel  or  Umbilical 
Rupture. 

Symptoms:  A  soft,  puffy  swelling  about  the  navel 
or  umbilicus,  varying  in  size  from  a  hazelnut  to  that  of 
an  ostrich  ^gg.  When  a  pig  is  placed  on  its  back  the 
intestines  will  gravitate  into  the  abdominal  cavity,  pro- 
viding the  intestines  have  not  adhered  to  the  walls  of 
the  rupture. 

Treatment:  This  is  more  difficult  than  the  Scrotal 
or  Inguinal  Rupture  operation,  as  often  times  the  intes- 
tines will  adhere  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  rupture  and, 
unless  the  operation  is  carefully  performed,  there  is 
great  danger.  Great  care  must  be  exercised  in  prepar- 
ing the  pig  by  fasting  it  for  twenty- four  hours.  After 
this  is  accomplished,  prepare  an  antiseptic  solution. 
Carbolic  Acid,  five  per  cent,  or  Bichloride  of  Mercury, 
one  in  one-thousandths ;  also  have  a  needle  and  absorbent 
silk  or  cat-gut  ready.  Place  the  pig  on  its  back,  with  its 
head  downward.  Now,  wash  the  seat  of  operation  with 
either  antiseptic  solution.  Then  make  an  incision 
through  the  skin  carefully;  as  stated  before,  intes- 
tines sometimes  adhere  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  rup- 
ture. If  such  is  the  case,  wash  the  hands  in  the  anti- 
septic solution  and  w^ith  the  fingers  carefully  break  the 
adhesions  or  separate  the  intestines  from  their  adhe- 


DISEASES    OF    SAA'INE  179 

sioiis.  After  this  is  accomplished,  sew  the  inner  lining 
of  the  abdominal  cavity  with  absorbent  silk  or  cat-gut. 
Then  sew  the  outer  skin  with  cotton  or  linen  cord  and 
your  operation  is  complete.  Feed  the  hog  sparingly  for 
a  few  days  following  the  operation  on  easily  digested, 
laxative  foods.  

NETTLE    RASH 
(Urticaria) 

Cause:  Irritations  of  the  skin  produced  by  sprink- 
ling hogs  with  irritating  solutions  and  powders,  or  from 
irritating  dips  when  treating  for  lice,  etc.  Feeding 
highly  nitrogenous  food  predisposes  hogs  to  this  disease ; 
also  filth,  poorly  drained  sheds  and  pens;  is  especially 
common  in  young  pigs.  Nettle  Eash  is  not  contagious, 
but  what  produces  it  in  one  hog  may  produce  it  in  several 
at  the  same  time. 

Symptoms:  Red,  swollen  blotches  appear  on  the  skin 
very  suddenly,  especially  about  the  ears  and  the  inside 
of  the  thighs,  perhaps  due  to  the  skin  being  thin  and 
deprived  of  hair.  The  hog  rubs  it  on  account  of  the 
intense  itching,  and  he  will  not  thrive  when  in  this  con- 
dition. In  most  cases  there  is  a  fluid  oozing  from  the 
blotches,  causing  dirt  and  filth  to  adhere  to  the  hair. 
However,  if  the  disease  is  properly  treated,  a  recovery 
is  sure  to  follow  in  about  two  weeks. 

Treatment:  Prevention  against  this  disease  is  most 
important,  and  it  consists  in  keeping  shoats  and  pigs 
in  clean,  well  ventilated  sheds  and  pens.  Do  not  sprinkle 
them  with  irritating  solutions  or  powders,  or  irritating 
dips,  but  when  the  disease  once  shows  itself  give  each 
pig  or  hog  affected  a  dose  of  Epsom  Salts,  one  ounce 
to  every  tw^enty-five  pounds  of  hog  weight,  in  feed,  swill 
or  drinking  Avater.  If  the  weather  is  hot,  keep  them  in 
a  clean,  cool  place,  also  purify  their  blood  by  feeding 
regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this 
chapter. 


180  THE    YETERINARIAX 

Apply  some  good  Coal  Tar  disinfectant,  one  part  to 
one  hundred  parts  of  water.  This  is  non-irritating,  and 
will  destroy  hog  lice,  and  will  heal  the  pustules  of  nettle 
rash.  Apply  twice  ten  days  apart.  It  also  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  pens  and  sleeping  quarters  must  be 
disinfected;  the  old  bedding  and  manure  burned  and 
replaced  with  good,  clean  straw  or  hay.  Feed  easily 
digested  food,  slops,  etc. 


Champion    Poland    China    Boar   King    Hadley    57722. 
Owned  by  W.  J.  Baker,  Eich  Hill,  Mo. 

PARALYSIS  OF  THE  HIND  QUARTERS 
Cause  :  There  are  a  great  many  things  that  may  pro- 
duce paralysis  of  the  hind  quarters.  For  instance,  ship- 
ping hogs  in  crates;  fractions  of  thigh  bones;  Eickets, 
due  to  feeding  food  that  is  deficient  in  mineral  matter; 
hogs  piling  up ;  kicks  or  injuries  to  the  back ;  frequently 
seen  in  sows  nursing  a  litter  of  pigs  and  in  a  run-down 
condition.  Constipation  and  indigestion  also  produce 
paralysis  of  the  hind  quarters.  Some  think  it  is  caused 
by  worms  in  the  kidneys;  this  is  not  always  the  case. 
It  is  true  that  the  presence  of  a  parasite  around  the 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  181 

kidneys  may  cause  irritation  of  the  nerves  of  the  spinal 
column  and  result  in  paralysis.  Yet,  it  is  more  often  the 
result  of  weakness  and  loss  of  nervous  power  of  the  hind 
parts. 

Symptoms:  Kegardless  of  the  cause,  the  symptoms 
in  either  case,  for  they  cannot  be  distinguished,  are 
weakness  of  the  back,  wriggling  of  the  hind  parts,  and 
finally  the  hogs  sit  down  on  their  haunches.  After  some 
effort,  they  get  up  and  run  in  a  straight  line  quite  fast, 
but  swing  to  one  side  for  a  while  and  then  go  over  to 
the  other  side,  and  finally  get  down  so  that  they  cannot 
rise,  but  drag  themselves  about.  The  appetite  is  good 
until  a  day  or  two  before  they  die. 

Tkeatment:  Place  the  hog  in  clean,  comfortable 
quarters,  with  plenty  of  fresh  water  to  drink.  Give  sour 
milk,  fruit  or  vegetables,  containing  regulator  and  tonic 
as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter.  It  contains 
nerve  stimulants  and  blood  purifiers.  If  the  hog  is  con- 
stipated, add  two  to  four  ounces  of  Epsom  Salts  to  its 
feed. 

Treatment  of  all  such  cases  requires  perseverance, 
recovery  being  slow  and  not  always  certain. 


PILES 

(Prolapse  of  tlie^Anus) 

Cause:  Although  the  pig  may  look  well,  he  has  a 
weakness  of  the  circular  fibres  of  the  intestines,  due  to 
irritating  foods  that  either  constipate  or  produce 
diarrhoea. 

Symptoms  :  Very  plain.  A  protrusion  of  the  rectum 
all  the  w^ay  from  two  to  four  inches.  The  pig  irritates 
the  protrusion  by  rubbing  it  against  the  sides  of  pens, 
etc. ;  it  cracks,  bleeds  and  in  warm  weather  will  become 
fly-blown  and  maggots  accumulate  in  large  quantities. 

Treatment  :  In  the  first  stages  of  this  disease,  wash 
the  protruded  parts  with  an  antiseptic  solution  of  Car- 


182  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

bolic  Acid,  one  teaspoonful  to  a  pint  of  water.  Give 
rectal  injections  of  Soap  and  Warm  Water  or  Sweet 
Oil,  give  about  two  ounces  of  Castor  Oil  internally  and 
feed  soft,  sloppy  food.  In  chronic  cases  of  long  stand- 
ing, remove  the  exposed  portion  of  the  intestine  after 
washing  nicely  with  the  antiseptic  solution.  Eemove 
the  protrusion  with  a  sharp  knife  and  stitch  the  cut  end 
of  intestine  edges  to  the  anus.  Feed  easily  digested  food, 
such  as  wheat  bran,  mixed  with  flaxseed  meal  on  which 
boiling  hot  water  has  been  poured,  cooling  before  feed- 
ing. Also  give  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first 
page  of  this  chapter.       

PIN    WORMS 

Cause:  Hogs  consume  the  eggs  that  encapsule  well 
matured  embryonic  worms  with  their  food  or  drinking- 
water.  These  worms  multiply  very  rapidly  in  the  small 
intestines  and  are  from  one-half  to  one  inch  in  length. 

Symptoms:  No  signs  are  noticed  unless  the  worms 
are  very  abundant,  as  they  are  small  and  difficult  to  see 
with  the  naked  eye.  The  principal  point  of  attack  is  in 
the  back  part  of  the.  small  intestines,  where  considerable 
inflammation  is  set  up,  especially  when  there  are  other 
worms,  such  as  the  Eoundworm,  present. 

Treatment:  Is  of  little  value,  as  the  worms  in  the 
intestines  are  very  difficult  to  get  at,  but  as  their  pres- 
ence causes  very  little  disturbance,  it  is  hardly  worth 
while  treating;  however,  preventive  measures  should  be 
applied  by  disinfecting,  burning  manure  and  bedding. 

The  following  has  proven  a  very  effective  treatment 
for  Pinworms:  Powdered  Quassia,  one  pound;  Sul- 
phur, two  pounds ;  Glauber  Salts,  one  pound ;  Powdered 
Tobacco,  one-half  pound;  Sulphide  of  Antimony,  one 
pound;  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  two  pounds;  Beechwood 
Charcoal,  one  pound;  Common  Salt,  two  pounds. 

The  above  must  be  well  powdered  and  thoroughly 
mixed.     Give  one  heaping  teaspoonful  to  every  one  hun- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  183 

dred  pounds  of  hog  weight.  To  small  pigs,  give  doses 
in  proportion  to  weight.  Place  it  in  their  feed  or  slop 
twice  a  day.  In  addition  to  being  a  vermifuge,  it  is  an 
alterative  and  tonic  that  should  be  given  pigs  and  liogT^ 
which  do  not  thrive  properly.  Best  results  are  obtained 
in  treatment  of  Pinworm  when  the  principal  food  con- 
sists of  vegetables,  mashes  and  slops. 


PLEURISY 

Cause:  Exposure  to  cold,  damp,  chilly  weather,  es- 
pecially to  drafts,  or  by  a  large  number  of  hogs  being 
allowed  to  pile  up  during  cold  nights,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Chilling,  temperature  elevated  two  or 
three  degrees  above  normal;  breathing  fast.  The  hog 
will  show  great  pain  when  pressed  over  the  lungs  by 
flinching,  squealing  or  grunting;  coughing  suppressed, 
ribs  rigid;  breathing  mostly  with  the  muscles  of  the 
flanks;  appetite  poor  and  eventually  there  will  be  fluids 
accumulate  in  the  lung  cavities.  At  this  stage,  the 
breathing  is  labored  and  difficult.  If  the  ear  is  pressed 
over  the  lungs,  the  fluids  can  be  heard,  and  in  the  first 
stage  the  sound  will  be  similar  to  that  of  rubbing  hair 
between  the  finger  and  thumb. 

Treatment:  Eemove  the  cause.  The  treatment  is 
satisfactory  if  applied  in  due  time.  Place  in  clean,  com- 
fortable shed,  seeing  that  it  is  well  ventilated,  omit 
drafts ;  apply  equal  parts  of  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  Tur- 
pentine and  Sweet  Oil  over  the  lungs  and  give  two  or 
four  ounces  of  Castor  Oil  in  milk.  Feed  easily  digested 
food,  such  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes,  containing  hog 
regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this 
chapter.    It  is  also  well  to  feed  vegetables. 


RHEUMATISM 
Cause:     Exposure,  as  in  cold,  damp  houses.     Over- 
feeding also  has  a  tendency  to  cause  swellings  of  the 
joints  and  muscles. 


184  THE    VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms  ;  Lameness  of  one  or  more  limbs,  swelling 
of  the  joints  about  the  legs  and  feet.  The  hog  does  not 
care  to  move,  refusing  its  feed  in  most  cases;  tempera- 
ture slightly  elevated;  breathing  quick  and  short;  he 
will  drink  water  frequently  if  offered. 

Tkeatment:  I  am  of  opinion  that  Rheumatism  in 
hogs  would  be  a  very  rare  disease  if  they  were  properly 
provided  with  clean,  dry  quarters,  with  a  liberal  quantity 
of  bedding.  Do  not  allow  hogs  to  pile  up,  as  it  is  very 
injurious. to  them. 

Medical  Treatment  :  Consists  of  feeding  sloppy  food 
to  which  add  one-half  dram  of  Sodium  Salicylate  two  or 
three  times  a  day  in  their  feed.  Vegetables  and  green 
grass  are  very  beneficial  in  this  disease,  as  they  have  a 
cooling  effect  on  the  blood.  The  hog  tonic  and  regulator 
recommended  on  first  page  of  this  chapter  is  very  bene- 
ficial w^hen  given  with  food  of  a  sloppy  nature. 


RICKETS 

Cause:  Food  deficient  in  mineral  matter  or  lime; 
filth,  lack  of  exercise,  and  crowded  quarters,  all  tend  to 
produce  a  softening  of  the  bones  and  swelling  of  the 
joints. 

Symptoms:  The  pigs  affected  generally  appear  in 
good  condition  and  seem  to  be  doing  w^ell,  but  suddenly 
they  become  paralyzed  in  the  hind  quarters,  owing  to  the 
weakened  condition  of  the  bones,  which  sometimes  frac- 
ture without  receiving  injury  or  any  additional  weight 
to  that  of  the  pig  itself.  The  bones  of  the  snout,  back, 
limbs  and  feet  bend  and  become  deformed.  The  pigs 
grow  weak,  poor  and  stunted  and  perhaps  the  best  treat- 
ment is  to  destroy  them. 

Preventive  Treatment  :  Careful  feeding  of  good, 
wholesome  food.  This  disease  is  very  seldom  seen  where 
hogs  are  frequently  fed  corn. 

Medical.  Treatment  :     When  the  first  siffiis  of  Rickets 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  185 

appear,  feed  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first 
page  of  this  chapter.  It  contains  the  mineral  matter 
needed  by  the  hog.  

ROUND    WORMS 

Cause:  Is  undoubtedly  due  to  filth  or  hogs  eating 
food  or  drinking  water  contaminated  with  well  developed 
eggs  or  embryos  of  roundworms,  thus  taking  them  into 
their  digestive  canal,  where  they  multiply  rapidly  and 
set  up  considerable  irritation.  This  worm  varies  in 
length  from  three  to  thirteen  inches,  and  is  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color. 

Symptoms:  The  Eoundworm  is  generally  passed 
with  the  feces,  and  can  be  readily  seen  with  the  naked 
eye.  A  hog  infested  with  a  large  number  of  these  worms 
is  generally  restless,  appetite  varied.  When  these 
worms  develop  in  large  numbers,  they  obstruct  the  in- 
testines. In  other  cases  they  irritate  and  inflame  the 
intestines  causing  inflammation  and  diarrhoea,  and  death 
may  be  due  to  either  obstruction  or  inflammation  of  the 
bowels. 

Treatment:  Treatment  is  very  satisfactory.  With- 
hold all  food  from  eighteen  to  twenty-four  hours.  Then 
place  in  one  pint  of  finely  ground  feed,  Calomel  and  San- 
tonin, each  five  grains  to  every  one  hundred  pounds  of 
hog  weight.  For  instance,  if  the  hog  affected  with  round 
worms  weighs  two  hundred  pounds,  double  the  dose  by 
giving  ten  grains  of  each  of  the  above,  but  if  the  hog 
only  w-eighs  fifty  pounds,  give  one-half  the  dose  men- 
tioned, or  two  and  one-half  grains  of  each.  This  treat- 
ment should  be  repeated  in  a  week  or  ten  days  to  assure 
the  expulsion  of  worms  that  might  have  survived  the 
first  dose.  Feed  sparingly  on  laxative  food,  as  bran 
mashes  and  vegetables,  for  a  few  days  following  each 
treatment. 


186  THE    VETEEINAEIAN 

RUPTURE 
(Scrotal  or  Inguinal) 

Definition:  In  the  male  the  intestines  pass  through 
the  wide  Inguinal  Ganal,  through  which  the  cord  of  the 
testicle  passes.  It  is  not  difficult  to  recognize  this  form 
of  rupture,  as  the  scrotum  that  normally  retains  only 
the  testicles  is  usually  enlarged  by  the  bowels  en- 
tering it.  Sometimes  the  scrotum  almost  reaches  the 
ground,  and  in  this  case,  both  sides  of  the  scrotum,  or 
the  sack  which  contains  the  testicles,  also  contains  intes- 
tines. If  the  pig  is  held  up  by  the  hind  parts,  the  in- 
testines will  gravitate  back  into  the  abdominal  cavity, 
but  as  soon  as  a  pig  lies  down  or  stands  they  again  return 
into  the  scrotum.  The  testicles  can  be  located  at  the 
bottom  of  the  enlargement. 

Cause  :  Hereditary  tendencies  predisposes  them  to 
rupture;  pigs  having  large  Inguinal  Canals  through 
which  the  testicle  passes;  by  pigs  being  crowded,  in- 
jured, squeezed  at  troughs,  or  passing  through  narrow 
doorways.  Weakness  and  severe  straining  from  consti- 
pation also  produce  rupture. 

Symptoms:  An  enlargement  of  the  sack  containing 
the  testicles.  Sometimes  there  may  be  a  strangulation 
of  the  intestines  where  they  fold  or  twist.  They  be- 
come inflamed  and  produce  death.  The  pig  dies  in  great 
pain,  but  fortunately,  strangulated  ruptures  in  pigs  are 
very  rare,  as  the  scrotum  and  canal  which  the  intestines 
occupy  relax  and  become  very  roomy. 

Treatment:  Operation  is  the  only  method  of  reliev- 
ing or  curing  Inguinal  or  Scrotal  Eupture.  My  advice 
is  to  operate  as  soon  as  possible.  "When  the  pigs  are 
small,  there  is  less  danger.  The  pig  to  be  operated  on 
should  be  fasted  for  at  least  twenty-four  hours,  as  it  is 
easier  on  both  the  operator  and  pig  when  the  intestines 
are  empty,  or  nearly  so. 

The  operation  which  I  have  found  to  be  very  success- 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  187 

ful  is  as  follows :  Have  an  assistant  hold  the  pig  up 
by  its  hind  legs.  ^  Prepare  an  antiseptic  solution  of  Car- 
bolic Acid  live  per  cent,  or  Bichloride  of  Mercury,  one 
in  one-thousandths,  in  a  pan.  Have  a  needle  threaded 
with  a  medium  sized  absorbent  silk  or  cat-gut  suture. 
Prepare  a  clean,  sharp  knife ;  wash  the  seat  of  operation 
with  either  antiseptic  solution.  Now,  proceed  to  locate 
the  testicle  by  having  the  hind  parts  elevated.  The  in- 
testines must  be  pressed  back  into  the  abdominal  cavity. 
The  testicle  will  remain  in  the  sack  or  scrotum;  now 
grasp  the  testicle  between  the  fingers  and  make  the  in- 
cision through  the  scrotum  and  to  the  lower  portion.  It 
may  be  necessary  to  insert  two  fingers  to  withdraw  the 
testicle.  When  the  testicle  is  located,  withdraw  it.  Be- 
fore cutting  it  off  it  is  well  to  run  a  needle  containing 
a  thread  through  the  last  covering  of  the  testicle  so  as 
to  prevent  the  membrane  from  returning.  After  this 
is  securely  done,  remove  the  testicle  and  sew  the  inner 
membranes  that  envelop  the  rupture  and  testicle  with 
what  is  called  a  '^tobacco  pouch  suture.*'/  Draw  it  to- 
gether firmly  and  tie  and  cut  off  suture  about  one- 
half  inch  from  the  knot.  Your  operation  is  now  com- 
plete. Do  not  sew  the  outer  incision  in  the  scrotum,  as 
it  would  have  a  tendency  to  accumulate  dirt  and  hold 
pus.  It  should  have  a  free  drainage.  Wash  with  one  of 
the  above  mentioned  antiseptics  twice  daily  until  thor- 
oughly healed.  Also  feed  laxative  foods  that  are  easily 
digested.  


SORE  FEET 

Cause  :  Filth ;  especially  common  in  large  hogs  when 
confined  to  hard  floors  or  driven  over  rough,  hard  roads, 
or  continually  kept  in  filthy  pens.  The  tissues  of  the 
feet  become  softened,  especially  those  between  the  claws. 
Irritation  is  set  up  by  germs  entering  the  abrasions. 

Symptoms  :  The  hogs  will  be  noticed  going  very  lame 
and  if  closely  examined  the  above  named  conditions  will 
be  found. 


188 


THE    VETEEIXAEIAN 


Treatment:  Uemove  the  liogs  to  clean,  dry  pens  con- 
taining plenty  of  clean  bedding,  and  wash  the  affected 
parts  with  some  good  disinfectant,  as  &Ye  per  cent  solu- 
tion of  Carbolic  Acid.  Eepeat  this  treatment  at  least 
once  a  day.  In  case  the  feet  are  badly  inflamed,  I  would 
advise  the  application  of  hot  Flaxseed  Meal  poultices 
to  the  feet.  Feed  easily  digested  food,  as  it  aids  mate- 
rially in  the  treatment  of  infectioiis  wounds. 


Champion  Berkshire  Boar  Longfellow's  Successor. 
Hood  Farm,  Lowell,  Mass. 


SORE    MOUTH 

Cause;  Decomposed  foods.  Also  slops  or  stagnant 
water,  washing  powders,  broken  glassware,  etc.,  from  the 
tables,  fed  in  slops,  barley  or  wheat  beards,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Difficulty  in  eating,  or  refusal  to  eat  at 
all.  Stringy  secretions  of  saliva  continually  oozing 
from  the  mouth.  The  mouth  gives  off  very  offensive 
odor. 


DISExVSES    OF,    SWINE  189 

Treatment  :  In  this  form  of  sore  mouth,  remove  the 
cause.  Feed  soft,  wholesome  food,  such  as  wheat  brau 
mashes  and  vegetables.  In  cases  where  it  is  due  to  the 
lodging  of  beards  of  wheat  or  barley,  gag  the  hog^s 
mouth  with  a  piece  of  wood  and  remove  the  beards  with 
forceps.  Keep  clean,  cool  water  before  them  at  all  times 
and  avoid  feeding  dry,  hard  food. 


SOWS   EATING  THEIR  YOUNG 
Cause:     Insufficient  lime  or  mineral  matter  fed  prior 

to  farrowing;  constipation  is  also  a  fruitful  cause. 
Prevention  :     Careful  feeding  for  a  few  days  prior  to 

farrowing  of  slops,  free  from  soap  or  washing  powders ; 

cool  food,  sucli  as  wheat  bran  mashes,  with  hog  tonic  and 

regulator  as  prescribed  on  the  first  page  of  this  chapter. 

This  is  loosening  to  the  bowels  and  also  contains  mineral 

matter  and  blood  purifiers  which  are  very  valuable  in 

the  above  mentioned  condition. 


SUN    OR    HEAT    STROKE 

Cause  :  Hogs  that  are  very  fat,  and  driven,  hauled  or 
shipped  to  market  when  the  weather  is  warm,  are  fre- 
quently stricken  with  heat  or  sun-stroke.  Sometimes 
when  hogs  are  overcrowded  and  not  protected  from  the 
rays  of  the  sun,  or  from  heat,  they  may  become  victims 
of  heat  or  sunstroke. 

Symptoms:  First  they  stagger  when  walking,  then 
they  become  very  weak  and  temperature  elevates  three 
or  four  degrees  higher  than  normal.  Prostration  or 
extreme  depression,  or  sometimes  involuntary  spasms 
or  contractions  of  muscles  occur. 

Treatment  :  Prevention.  Do  not  drive,  haul  or  ship 
during  the  hottest  part  of  the  day,  hogs  that  are  not 
accustomed  to  exercise  or  extreme  heat.  Do  not  crowd 
hogs  in  small  pens  or  sheds  during  the  hot  months,  as 
their  bodies  give  off  considerable  heat  in  addition  to 
that  of  the  sun.     See  that  they  are  protected  from  the 


190  THE    VETERINARIAN' 

sun.  When  hauling  or  shipping  hogs,  wet  them  oeca- 
sionally  with  water.  It  prevents  heat  stroke.  In  case 
a  hog  is  suffering  from  heat  or  sun-stroke,  place  it  in  a 
cool,  shady  place  and  apply  ice  or  cold  water  to  the  head 
only.  Also  give  Saltpeter  in  teaspoonful  doses  every 
six  hours  diluted  in  one  ounce  of  water.  Also  give 
Alcohol,  one  teaspoonful,  every  three  hours  in  one  ounce 
of  water.  Good  recovery  is  often  obtained  from  the 
above  treatment.      .        

THORN-HEADED   WORMS 

Cause:  A  white  grub  that  is  found  in  old  manure 
heaps,  straw  stacks  and  hog  lots  carries  eggs  containing 
embryos  of  the  Thorn-headed  Worm.  The  white  grub 
is  eaten  by  the  hog.  The  larvae  of  the  Thorn-headed 
Worm  is  liberated  by  the  process  of  digestion  and  be- 
comes a  parasite  in  the  intestines  of  the  hogs,  where  it 
develops  into  a  fully  matured  worm.  Large  numbers  of 
hogs  quickly  become  infested  with  this  parasite,  as  they 
multiply  very  rapidly.  These  worms  vary  from  two  to 
twelve  inches  in  length,  and  have  a  whitish  color. 

Symptoms:  As  a  general  rule,  a  worm  can  be  seen 
in  the  feces.  Other  signs  are  that  the  hog  loses  flesh, 
appetite  irregular,  constipation,  and  then  again  there 
may  be  diarrhoea,  especially  where  there  are  large  num- 
bers of  worms  present. 

Treatment  :  First  of  all,  burn  all  manure  or  decom- 
posed vegetation  that  the  hogs  are  liable  to  come  in  con- 
tact with.  Withhold  all  food  from  eighteen  to  twenty- 
four  hours  and  give  one  teaspoonful  of  Oil  of  Turpentine 
to  every  one  hundred  pounds  of  hog  weight,  or  if  the 
hog  weighs  less  than  one  hundred  pounds,  doses  should 
be  given  in  proportion.  Follow  this  treatment  for  three 
or  four  consecutive  days.  Turpentine  is  easily  given  to 
hogs,  as  they  will  drink  it  in  milk  when  well  mixed.  Per- 
haps it  is  advisable,  where  a  large  number  of  hogs  are 
affected,  to  divide  them  into  pens  of  five  or  ten  hogs, 


DISEASES    OF    SWINE  191 

as  they  are  thus  less  likely  to  get  an  overdose.  Feed 
laxative  food.  Clean  and  disinfect  troughs  and  feeding 
floors.  Also  give  prescription  on  first  page  of  this 
chapter.  

THUMPS 

Cause  :  Disorders  of  the  digestive  system  from  over- 
loading the  stomach  and  causing  irritation  of  the  nerves 
leading  to  the  diaphragm,  which  is  the  membrane  that 
separates  the  lungs  and  heart  from  the  intestines, 
stomach,  liver  and  spleen.  It  is  a  spasm  of  this  mem- 
brane that  causes  a  hog  or  pig  to  have  ''Thumps.''  In- 
sufficient exercise ;  a  large  number  of  pigs  may  become 
affected  at  the  same  time  when  closely  confined. 

Symptoms  :  Jerking  of  the  flanks ;  the  pig  or  hog  be- 
comes very  weak  and  stunted  in  a  very  short  time. 

Tbeatment:  Kemove  the  cause.  In  pigs,  when  first 
affected,  careful  feeding  and  exercise  will  generally 
effect  a  cure.  In  some  cases,  where  the  pigs  are  very 
small,  it  is  well  to  take  them  away  from  the  mother,  per- 
mitting them  to  nurse  very  little.  Give  them  Castor  Oil 
in  teaspoonful  doses,  and  compel  them  to  exercise.  It 
may  be  necessary  to  give  them  Chloral  Hydrate  ten  to 
fifteen  grains  two  or  three  times  a  day  diluted  in  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  water.  Where  the  pigs  will  not  eat  mashes 
or  drink  milk,  give  them  medicine  by  force  with  a 
teaspoon. 

After  Treatment  :  Give  hog  regulator  and  tonic  as 
prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter. 


WHIP   WORM 

This  worm  is  very  uncommon,  but  occasionally  is 
found  in  the  large  intestines. 

Cause:  The  eggs  become  imbedded  in  the  manure, 
bedding,  etc.,  and  then  mix  with  the  feed  and  drinking 
water  and  are  taken  into  the  digestive  canal  where  they 
develop  into  matured  worms.     This  worm  is  from  one  to 


192  THE    VETEKINAEIAN 

three  inches  in  length,  the  hind  extremity  of  which  is 
very  thin,  hence  the  name,  ^'Whipworm.'' 

Symptoms:  They  produce  very  little  disturbance, 
even  though  present  in  large  quantities,  except  when  other 
worms  assist  in  their  irritating  the  lining  membranes  of 
the  large  intestines. 

Medical  Tkeatment:  Withhold  all  food  from  eigh- 
teen to  twenty-four  hours,  then  give  one  teaspoonful  of 
Gasolene  thoroughly  mixed  with  milk,  to  every  one  hun- 
dred pounds  of  hog  weight.  Small  hogs,  reduce  the 
dose  in  proportion  to  their  Aveight.  It  is  advisable  to 
follow  this  dose  for  two  or  three  consecutive  days.  Feed 
food  that  is  easily  digested,  and  see  that  they  have  fresh 
water  to  drink. 


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DISEASES  OF  SHEEP 
AND  GOATS 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


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>  to 


CHAPTER  IV 


ABORTION 

Cause:  Is  usually  produced  by  injuries,  or  by  the 
ewes  being  poisoned  from  eating  poisonous  foods,  plants, 
etc.  It  has  never  occurred  in  infectious  form  in  this 
country,  although  sometimes  an  outbreak  is  thought  in- 
fectious on  account  of  several  ewes  aborting  about  the 
same  time,  but  all  such  outbreaks  have  been  traced  to 
some  irritating  poison  which  they  had  taken  with  their 
food  or  drinking  water. 

Peeventive  Tbeatment:  Remove  the  aborted  lambs 
or  kids  and  afterbirth  from  the  yards,  and  ^Iso  with- 
draw the  ewe  or  nanny  and  place  her  in  comfortable 
quarters.  She  requires  care  and  extra  nursing,  or  she 
will  become  very  poor  and  lose  a  large  portion  of  her 
fleece. 

Medical  Treatment  :  If  due  to  poisonous  plants,  etc., 
when  the  first  symptoms  of  Abortion  or  poisoning  are 
noticed,  give  six  to  ten  ounces  of  Castor  Oil.  Warm 
the  oil  so  it  will  run  freely.  Set  the  sheep  or  goat  upon 
its  haunches  and  pour  very  slowly.  Great  care  must  be 
exercised  so  as  not  to  let  any  of  the  oil  enter  the  lungs, 
as  it  may  produce  fatal  pneumonia.  Feed  food  that  is 
easily  digested  and  supply  them  with  pure  water  to 
drink.  When  the  general  condition  is  weak  or  run 
down,  so  to  speak,  the  following  tonic  is  recommended : 
Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  one 
ounce;  Pulv.  Potassium  Nitrate,  one  ounce;  Hyposul- 
phite of  Soda,  three  ounces ;  Protan,  three  ounces.  Mix 
and  make  into  twenty-four  powders.  Give  one  powder 
two  or  three  times  daily  well  back  on  the  tongue. 

Remember  all  tonics  are  bitter,  therefore  beware  of 

195 


196  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

any  so-called  tonics  that  the  animals  eat  readily,  as  these 
possess  no  real  tonic  values. 


BLACK   SCOURS 

(Verminous  Gastritis — Strongylosis) 
Causte:  Due  to  a  worm  (Strongylus  Contortus)  meas- 
uring one-fourth  to  one  inch  in  length,  inhabiting  the 
intestines  and  the  fourth  stomach  of  sheep  and  goats. 
This  disease  is  frequently  seen  in  low,  marshy  pastures, 
where  animals  infested  with  the  worm  pass  the  ova  or 
egg  with  the  feces,  the  eggs  developing  into  an  embry- 
otio  worm  which  is  again  taken  with  the  food  or  water  by 
non-infected  animals,  whereby  this  disease  again  at- 
tacks the  intestines  and  fully  matured  worms  develop. 

Symptoms:  Naturally,  the  symptoms  vary  according 
to  the  violence  of  the  attack.  In  well  developed  cases, 
the  anima>  strains  to  defecate,  and  passes  shreds  of  in- 
testinal mucous  along  with  blood-stained  feces.  Finally 
a  severe  dysentery  takes  place,  the  animal  becomes  cor- 
respondingly weak,  and  death  takes  place  in  two  or  three 
days.  Some  cases  become  chronic,  in  which  death  does 
not  take  place  for  a  month  or  more.  However,  the 
latter  is  uncommon.  Other  signs  are  staggering  gait, 
trembling,  eyes  fixed,  showing  wild  expression,  neck 
turned  to  one  side.  Then  the  animal  appears  as  if  in 
pain,  and  looks  around  at  the  flank  frequently.  There  is 
a  chopping  of  the  jaws,  and  a  very  free  flow  of  stringv^ 
saliva  dropping  from  the  mouth.  When  an  animal  dies 
from  the  symptoms  just  described,  it  should  be  cut  open 
and  carefully  examined  for  this  particular  parasite, 
which  can  be  easily  seen  with  the  naked  eye. 

Treatment  :  Very  successfully  treated  when  the  first 
symptoms  appear  by  administering  one  ounce  of  Gasoi- 
lene  with  a  pint  of  Milk.  To  lambs  or  kids  give  half 
the  dose.  Every  precaution  should  be  taken  so  as  to 
prevent  the  drench  from  entering  the  lungs.  Perhaps 
the  best  method  is  to  set  the  animal  on  its  haunches  and 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        197 

pour  the  liquid  slowly  and  carefully;  if  they  cough,  let 
them  down.  Any  drench  entering  the  lungs  produces 
fatal  pneumonia.  Feed  good  nourishing  food,  and 
supply  them  with  fresh  water  to  drink. 


CATARRH 

(Cold  in  the  Head) 

Cause:  Atmospheric  changes,  sudden  exposure  to 
cold,  wet  weather  after  being  accustomed  to  warm,  com- 
fortable surroundings,  inhaling  dust,  smoke  and  gases 
or,  in  fact,  anything  that  will  produce  an  irritation  to 
the  membranes  lining  the  nose;  commonly  seen  in  the 
spring  and  fall. 

Symptoms:  Chilling,  elevation  of  temperature,  nose 
dry,  breathing  hurried,  sneezing,  coughing,  dullness,  ap- 
petite varied.  In  the  first  stages  of  the  malady,  the 
nostrils  are  considerably  inflamed,  but  in  the  course  of 
a  few  days  the  temperature  subsides  and  a  yellowish- 
white  discharge  flows  from  the  nose  continuously. 

Tbeatment:  Keep  the  affected  animals  dry,  omit 
drafts,  feed  good,  wholesome  food,  and  provide  bedding 
for  them  to  lie  upon.  In  the  first  stages  of  this  malady, 
it  is  advisable  to  confine  the  animals  in  a  barn,  closing 
the  windows  and  doors  and  compelling  them  to  inhale 
steam  from  boiling  hot  water  and  Pine  Tar.  The  best 
method  to  accomplish  this  is  by  placing  a  tub  about  half 
full  of  water  in  the  center  of  the  barn  and  add  about  one 
gallon  of  Pine  Tar.  Then  heat  bricks  or  stones  and 
place  them  into  the  tub.  In  this  way  a  large  number 
can  be  treated  at  one  time.  The  sheep  should  be  com- 
pelled to  inhale  this  steam  for  thirty  to  forty  minutes 
twice  a  day.  In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  is 
very  beneficial :  Chlorate  of  Potash,  one  ounce ;  Nitrate 
of  Potassi,  two  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen  powders  and 
give  one  powder  to  each  sheep  in  its  drinking  water  two 
or  three  times  daily.  Feed  hot  bran  mashes  and  vege- 
tables if  possible. 


198  THE    VETEEINAEIAN 

DIARRHOEA 

(Dysentery) 

Cause:  Diarrhoea,  or  Dysentery,  is  a  sign  of  some 
irritation  of  the  intestines  resulting  in  increased  secre- 
tions, or  increased  muscular  contraction,  or  both.  The 
irritation  is  sometimes  the  result  of  chilling  from  ex- 
posure, improper  feeding,  as  contaminated  or  frozen 
foods,  irritating  foods,  drinking  cold  or  stagnant  water, 
indigestion,  organic  diseases  of  the  intestines,  or  para- 
sitic diseases.     (See  Strongylosis.) 

Symptoms:  Movements  from  the  bowels  are  fre- 
quent, at  first  consisting  of  thin  fecal  matter,  but  as 
this  malady  progresses  it  becomes  watery  and  offensive 
in  smell,  and  streaked  with  blood.  At  first  the  animal 
shows  no  constitutional  disturbances,  but  eventually  it 
becomes  weak  and  shows  signs  of  abdominal  pain  by 
looking  around  to  the  flank,  throwing  the  feet  together, 
lying  down,  or  moving  restlessly.  Sometimes  this  dis- 
ease is  accompanied  by  fever,  great  depression,  loss  of 
strength,  rapid  loss  of  flesh ;  terminating  in  death. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it  if 
possible.  When  the  disease  is  due  to  irritating  proper- 
ties of  food  which  have  been  fed  the  animal,  it  is  well 
to  give  a  physic  of  Castor  Oil  in  two  to  six  ounce  doses, 
according  to  the  size  of  the  animal.  When  there  is 
debility,  want  of  appetite,  and  temperature  normal,  but 
continuous  water  discharge  from  the  bowels,  give  Pro- 
tan,  two  ounces ;  Gum  Cathechu,  one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Ginger, 
one  ounce;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  eight  grains.  Make 
into  sixteen  powders  and  give  one  powder  on  the  tongue 
every  three  or  four  hours,  according  to  the  severity  of 
the  attack.  Feed  food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  wheat 
bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats,  etc.  See  that  the 
drinking  water  is  fresh  and  clean. 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        199 
FOOT    ROT 

(Foul  in  the  Foot) 

Cause  :  Foot  Eot  is  produced  by  inflammation  of  the 
soft  structures  of  the  foot  between  the  claws  or  toes.  It. 
may  be  due  to  an  overgrowth  and  inward  pressure,  etc.^ 
or  from  filth  accumulating  and  hardening  between  the^ 
claws,  producing  inflammation  and  softening  or  ulcer- 
ation  of  the  skin  in  the  interdigital  space  (between  the 
claws).  Under  some  conditions  several  sheep  or  goats 
in  the  same  drove  become  affected  at  the  same  time, 
leading  many  to  think  that  the  disease  is  contagious. 
When  Foot  Eot  appears  in  a  very  short  time,  among 
sheep  or  goats,  this  condition  can  almost  always  be 
traced  to  filth,  irritation,  etc. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  is  observed  to  limp  when 
walking.  On  careful  examination  of  the  foot  we  find  it 
hot,  swollen  above  the  claws  and  in  the  soft  parts  be- 
tween them,  frequently  spreading  the  claws  apart  to  a 
considerable  extent,  or  the  inflammation  may  have  ad- 
vanced to  softening  and  sloughing  of  the  soft  structure 
between  the  claws.  If  this  condition  is  neglected  at  this 
stage,  deep  abscesses  form  and  the  pus  burrows  under 
the  horny  wall,  and  the  joints  within  the  hoof  become 
inflamed  and  destroyed,  in  which  case  the  treatment  is 
difficult  and  recovery  will  be  very  arduous. 

Treatment:  In  the  early  stages  of  the  disease,  be- 
fore the  pus  burrows  beneath  the  horny  structures  of 
the  foot,  any  foreign  substances  impacted  between  the 
claws  should  be  removed.  Then  place  a  trough  about  one 
foot  wide,  six  to  eight  inches  high,  and  twelve  to  sixteen 
feet  long,  and  fill  with  water  and  Coal  Tar  Dip,  diluted 
in  proportions  of  one  part  dip  to  fifty  parts  of  water. 
Build  a  fence  on  each  side  of  the  trough,  just  wide  enough 
for  one  sheep  to  pass  through,  and  compel  every  sheep 
to  walk  through  the  solution  slowly. 

This  treatment  should  be  repeated  once  or  twice  a 


(200  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

week  until  the  lameness  has  disappeared.  In  cases 
'where  deep  sloughing  has  taken  place  under  the  horny 
structures,  saturate  a  piece  of  oakum  or  cotton  in  the 
following  liniment :  Oil  of  Origanum,  Oil  of  Pisis,  Oil 
of  Turpentine,  each  four  ounces.  Place  it  between  the 
claws  and  hold  it  there  by  means  of  a  bandage.  Eepeat 
this  application  every  other  day.     The  animals  that  do 


Delaine  Merino  Eam  and  Ewes. 

not  show  signs  of  improvement  under  this  treatment  in 
a  few  days  invariably  have  the  joints  of  the  foot  affected 
and  should  not  be  driven. 

FORAGE  POISONING 

Cause  :  This  condition  is  produced  by  animals  eating 
various  foliage  (Grass  or  Shrubbery)  at  a  time  when 
the  peculiar  poisonous  principles  are  developed  in  it,  as 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        201 

appears  to  happen  in  certain  seasons.  The  disease  is 
liable  to  affect  a  large  proportion  of  animals  which  are 
under  the  same  grazing  conditions. 

Symptoms:  Generally  takes  two  or  three  days  to 
develop.  The  animal  gradually  becomes  more  or  less 
unconscious  and  paralyzed,  staggers  when  forced  to 
walk,  and  it  may  have  great  difficulty  in  keeping  on  its 
feet,  it  is  extremely  averse  to  going  down,  and  leans  for 
support  against  any  convenient  object.  It  breathes  in  a 
snorting  manner.  The  mucous  membranes  are  tinged 
with  yellow,  and  the  bowels  constipated.  In  other  cases 
severe  diarrhoea  follows,  and  the  animal  becomes  very 
weak  and  dies  in  convulsions  or  spasms.  Becovery  may 
be  expected  in  cases  that  are  not  marked  by  severe 
symptoms. 

Treatment  :  Endeavor  to  find  out  the  true  cause  and 
remove  it  if  possible.  Change  range  or  pasture  for  a 
short  time ;  this  has  successfully  eradicated  this  malady. 
The  animal  showing  the  above  symptoms  should  receive 
four  to  eight  ounces  of  Castor  Oil  regardless  of  whether 
there  is  diarrhoea  or  constipation.  In  either  case  the 
irritation  will  be  relieved  by  its  laxative  effect.  In  cases 
where  diarrhoea  becomes  chronic,  after  administering 
the  Castor  Oil,  the  following  will  be  found  very  efficient 
in  its  control :  Protan,  three  ounces ;  Ginger,  one  ounce ; 
Gum  Catechu,  two  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen  powders 
and  place  one  powder  well  back  on  the  tongue  every  four 
or  six  hours.  Feed  clean,  wholesome  food  and  supply 
clean,  fresh  water  to  drink.  Provide  shelter  for  the 
animal  if  the  weather  is  hot. 


GARGET 

(Congestion  and  Inflammation  of  the  Udder) 

Cause:  As  a  rule,  in  Garget  or  Congestion  of  the 
TJdder  in  heavy  milking  ewes,  just  before  and  after 
lambing,  the  glands  of  the  udder  enlarge,  become  hot, 


202  THE   VETERINARIAN 

tense  and  tender  and  a  slight  pasty  swelling  extends 
forward  from  the  glands  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  ab- 
domen. This  physiological  condition  is  looked  upon  as  a 
matter  of  course  and  disposed  of  in  two  or  three  days 
when  the  secretions  of  milk  have  been  fully  established. 
General  breaking  up  of  the  udder  may  be  greatly  has- 
tened by  the  sucking  of  a  hungry  lamb  and  the  kneading 
it  gives  the  udder  with  its  nose  is  beneficial.  The  above 
mentioned  congestion  or  Garget  may  emerge  into  active 
inflammation  resulting  from  continued  exposure  to  cold 
weather,  standing  in  cold  drafts  or  injury  to  the  udder 
from  stone,  clubs,  feet  of  other  animals,  overfeeding  or 
rich  food,  like  cotton  seed  or  soy  bean,  sore  teats  or  a  ewe 
losing  her  lamb  in  the  period  of  full  milking;  serious  dis- 
turbances of  the  animal's  health  is  liable  to  fall  upon  the 
udder. 

Symptoms  :  The  symptoms  and  mode  of  attack  vary  in 
different  cases.  Following  exposure  to  cold  drafts  or 
cold,  wet  weather,  there  is  usually  severe  chilling  with 
cold  ears  and  limbs  and  general  dryness  and  brittleness 
of  the  wool.  This  is  followed  by  a  flush  of  heat,  the  ears 
and  limbs  become  unnaturally  warm  and  the  glands  swell 
up  and  become  firm  and  solid  in  one  or  both  sides  of  the 
udder.  The  muzzle  is  hot  and  dry,  temperature  ele- 
vated two  or  three  degrees  above  nonnal,  pulse  firm  and 
quick,  excited  breathing,  appetite  and  rimiination  sus- 
pended, bowels  constipated,  urine  scanty  and  the  yield 
of  milk  may  be  entirely  suppressed  in  the  affected  side. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it  if 
possible.  Move  the  affected  animal  to  comfortable 
quarters,  supply  liberal  quantities  of  bedding  for  the 
animal  to  lie  upon.  Give  two  to  six  ounces  of  Glauber 
Salts  dissolved  in  a  pint  of  hot  water.  Permit  it  to  cool. 
Place  the  ewe  on  her  haunches  and  drench  carefully. 
Feed  laxative  foods  as  hot  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled 
oats  and  vegetables,  supplying  the  animal  with  pure 
water  to  drink,  to  which  add  two  drams  of  Hyposulphite 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        203 

of  Soda,  two  or  three  times  a  day.  In  some  cases  it  is 
advisable  to  apply  Campliorated  Ointment  to  the  udder 
once  or  twice  a  day.         

GID 

(Sturdy) 

Cause  :  Gid  is  produced  by  a  bladder  worm,  a  larva 
or  an  Qgg  of  the  tapeworm  infesting  the  intestines  of 
dogs,  wolves  and  coyotes.  The  eggs  of  these  tapeworms 
are  scattered  over  the  range  or  pastures  in  the  droppings 
of  infested  dogs,  wolves  or  coyotes,  and  these  when 
swallowed  in  the  food  or  water  by  the  sheep,  hatch  out 
and  the  embryos  migrate  to  the  brain,  spinal  cord,  etc., 
where  they  develop  into  cysts,  bladder  worms  or  water 
bags,  etc.  When  the  organs  of  sheep,  thus  infested,  are 
eaten  by  dogs,  wolves  or  coyotes,  the  cyst  worms  are 
also  likely  to  be  swallowed  and  then  develop  into  ma- 
ture tapeworms. 

Symptoms;  In  case  a  large  number  of  embryos  be- 
come lodged  in  the  brain  of  sheep,  the  first  signs  will  be 
shown  in  about  eight  to  twelve  days.  Bladder  worms 
produce  a  congestion  of  the  brain  which  causes  dullness, 
dizziness,  indicating  an  affection  of  the  brain,  w^alking  or 
turning  in  circles.  If  the  left  side  of  the  brain  is  af- 
fected, they  will  turn  to  the  left ;  if  the  right  side  is  af- 
fected, they  will  turn  to  the  right.  The  head  eventually 
droops,  the  eyes  become  red  and  the  vision  is  impaired, 
the  head  very  hot  over  the  affected  region,  the  affected 
sheep  become  separated  from  the  flock.  Sometimes  the 
sheep  are  partially  or  completely  paralyzed. 

Peevention  :  Prevention  is  the  only  method  by  which 
this  disease  can  be  eradicated.  Prevent  the  sheep  from 
becoming  infected  with  these  parasites.  Stray  dogs,  wolves 
or  coyotes  should  be  killed  whenever  found,  and  dogs  too 
valuable  to  kill  should  be  kept  free  from  tapeworm.  Meat 
sh6uld  not  be  fed  to  dogs  unless  cooked  or  known  to  be 
free  from  tapeworm  cysts. 


204  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

GRUBS   IN  THE   HEAD 

(Head  Maggot) 

Cause:  Grubs  in  the  head  of  sheep  are  produced  by 
the  Sheep  Gadfly  which  is  yellowish-gray  in  color  with 
five  well  divided  rings  around  its  body,  covered  over  with 
fine  hair  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  head  white.  This 
fly  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  ordinary  house  fly.  It 
attacks  sheep  and  goats  during  the  Summer  and  Fall 
and  deposits  its  larva  about  the  sheep's  and  goat's  nos- 
trils. This  larva  attaches  itself  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  nostrils  with  two  booklets  by  which  it  grad- 
ually works  into  the  air  cavities  of  the  head,  remaining 
there  for  about  ten  months.  Then  it  again  passes  from 
the  nostrils,  burrows  into  the  ground  and  becomes  a 
fully  matured  Gadfly  in  six  or  eight  weeks,  which  com- 
pletes its  life  cycle,  the  head  of  the  sheep  or  goat  being 
its  intermediate  host  where  the  newly  born  Gadfly  again 
attaches  its  larva. 

Symptoms  :  When  sheep  or  goats  are  attacked  by  this 
Gadfly,  they  run,  strike  at  the  nose  with  their  front 
feet,  rub  the  nose  on  the  ground  or  against  other  sheep. 
In  case  only  three  or  four  larvae  gain  entrance  to  the 
sinuses  of  the  head,  they  produce  very  little,  if  any,  ill 
effects,  but  where  they  become  numerous,  they  cause  the 
animal  to  cough  and  sneeze  continually,  discharge  from 
the  nose,  which  is  occasionally  tinged  with  blood.  The 
appetite  becomes  impaired,  the  animal  shows  signs  of 
emaciation,  becomes  very  weak,  raises  the  nose  in  the 
air,  but  eventually  becomes  so  weak  it  reels  when  walk- 
ing and  finally  lies  down.  It  becomes  so  weak  it  cannot 
toss  the  head  or  rise,  and  dies. 

Prevention  Treatment  :  Very  successful.  Paint  the 
sheep's  or  goat's  nose  with  Pine  Tar,  or  better  still,  place 
salt  in  a  trough,  covering  it  with  boards,  with  holes  bored 
in  them  just  large  enough  for  the  animal  to  insert  its 
nose.    Smear  Pine  Tar  about  the  holes  once  or  twice  a 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        205 

week.     This  treatment  has  proven  very  efficient  in  lo- 
calities where  sheep  Gadflies  are  numerous. 

Medical  Treatment  :  After  the  animal  once  becomes 
infected  with  these  grubs,  bore  holes  (trephine)  through 
the  skull  with  a  sharp  instrument  made  for  this  purpose 
and  remove  the  grubs.  This  requires  considerable 
amount  of  skill  and  should  be  attempted  only  by  a  com- 
petent Veterinarian.        

HOVEN 

(Bloating — Acute  Tynpanitis — Acute  Indigestion) 
Cause:  Hoven  is  caused  by  various  kinds  of  food 
which  produce  indigestion  or  fermentation  and  resultant 
gases  in  the  rumen  or  paunch.  When  sheep  are  first 
turned  into  young  clover,  they  eat  so  greedily  of  it  that 
bloating  frequently  results.  Turnips,  potatoes  and  cab- 
bage may  also  produce  it.  Middlings  and  corn  meal  also 
frequently  give  rise  to  it.  In  this  connection  it  may  be 
stated  that  an  excessive  quantity  of  any  food,  before 
mentioned,  may  bring  on  this  disorder,  or  it  may  not  be 
due  to  excessive  eating  but  to  eating  too  fast.  Sometimes 
the  quality  of  food  is  at  fault.  Grass,  clover  or  alfalfa, 
when  wet  with  dew  or  rain  soaked,  frequently  produce 
digestive  disorders  and  bloating  follows.  Frozen  roots 
or  potatoes  covered  with  white  frost  should  be  regarded 
as  dangerous.  When  food  has  been  eaten  too  hastily  or 
when  it  is  cold  and  wet,  the  digestive  process  is  imper- 
fectly performed  and  the  food  contained  in  the  paunch 
ferments,  during  which  process  large  quantities  of  gas 
are  formed.  This  same  result  may  follow  when  a  sheep 
is  choking,  as  the  obstruction  in  the  gullet  prevents  the 
eructation  or  passing  of  gas  from  the  stomach  so  that 
the  gas  continues  to  accumulate  until  severe  bloating 
results. 

Symptoms  :  The  swelling  of  the  left  flank  is  very  char- 
acteristic, as  in  well  marked  cases  the  flank  at  its  upper 
part  rises  above  the  level  of  the  backbone  and  when 


206  THE    VETERINARIAN 

struck  with  the  tips  of  the  fingers  emits  a  drum-like 
sound.  The  animal  has  an  anxious  expression,  moves 
uneasily  and  is  evidently  distressed.  If  relief  is  not 
obtained  in  time  the  sheep  breathes  with  difficulty,  reels 
in  walking  or  standing  and  in  a  short  time  falls  down  and 
dies  from  suffocation.  The  distention  of  the  stomach 
or  rumen  may  become  so  great  that  it  pushes  the  dia- 
phragm (the  membrane  separating  the  lung  and  intestinal 
cavity)  forward  against  the  lungs,  so  as  to  squeeze  and 
stop  their  movements,  thus  preventing  the  animal  from 
breathing  and  in  some  instances  the  case  may  be  compli- 
cated by  a  rupture  of  the  stomach. 

Tkeatment  :  Do  not  waste  any  time.  Puncture  about 
three  inches  downward  and  forward  from  the  point  of 
the  hip  bone  with  a  clean  sharp  knife,  or  any  instrument 
that  is  clean  and  sharp.  A  special  instrument  made  for 
this  purpose,  the  trocar,  is  a  very  useful  instrument  on 
the  farm. 

Sometimes  bloating  becomes  chronic,  and  if  such  is  the 
case  dissolve  two  teaspoonfuls  of  Turpentine  in  one- 
half  pint  of  milk  and  drench  the  animal  very  carefully, 
as  some  of  this  drench  may  escape  into  the  lungs  and 
produce  fatal  pneumonia.  Set  a  sheep  upon  its  haunches 
to  give  the  medicine ;  if  it  coughs  let  it  down  quickly  to 
prevent  strangulation. 


INDIGESTION 

(Dyspepsia) 

Cause:  Irritant  food,  damaged  food,  overloaded 
paunch  or  sudden  change  of  diet  may  produce  this  dis- 
ease. Want  of  exercise  predisposes  an  animal  to  it  and 
it  is  caused  by  woody  or  indigestible  food.  Food  which 
possesses  astringent  (drying)  properties  tends  to  check 
the  digestive  secretions  and  may  also  act  as  an  exciting 
cause.  Food  in  excessive  quantity  may  lead  to  disorders 
of  the  digestion  and  to  this  disease.    It  is  very  likely  to 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        207 

appear  towards  the  end  of  the  protracted  season  of 
draught,  therefore  a  deficiency  of  water  must  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  conditions  which  favors  its  development. 

Symptoms:  Appetite  diminished;  rumination,  or 
chewing  the  cud,  irregular;  tongue  coated,  mouth  slimy, 
feces  passed  apparently  not  well  digested  and  offensive 
in  odor,  dullness  and  fullness  of  the  flanks.  This  disease 
may,  in  some  cases,  assume  a  chronic  character,  for  in 
addition  to  the  above  mentioned  symptoms,  slight  bloat- 
ing of  the  left  flank  may  be  observed.  The  animal 
breathes  with  great  difficulty  and  grunts  with  each  res- 
piration. The  ears  and  legs  alternately  become  hot  and 
cold.  The  rumination,  or  cud  chewing,  at  this  stage 
ceases  and  the  usual  rumbling  sound  in  the  stomach  is 
not  audible.  The  passage  of  feces  is  entirely  suspended 
and  the  animal  passes  only  a  little  mucus  occasionally. 
Sometimes  constipation  and  diarrhoea  alternate ;  there  is 
a  rise  in  temperature  in  many  cases.  The  disease  con- 
tinues for  a  few  days  or  a  week  in  this  mild  form, 
while  the  severe  form  of  the  disease  may  last  for  sev- 
eral weeks.  In  the  severe  form  the  emaciation  and  loss 
of  strength  may  be  very  great.  There  is  no  appetite, 
no  rumination  or  rumbling  sound  in  the  stomach  or 
intestines.  The  mouth  is  hot  and  sticky,  the  eyes  have 
retracted  in  their  sockets  and  the  milk  secretion  has 
ceased.  In  such  cases  the  outlook  for  recovery  is  un- 
favorable. The  affected  animals  fall  away  in  flesh  and 
become  very  weak,  which  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  one 
finds  the  animal  lying  do^vn. 

On  examination  of  sheep  or  goats  which  have  died  of 
this  disease,  it  is  found  that  the  lining  membranes  of  the 
fourth  stomach  and  intestines,  particularly  the  small 
intestines,  are  red,  swollen,  streaked  with  deep  red  or 
blushed  lines  or  spotted.  The  lining  of  the  third  stomach 
is  more  or  less  softened  and  may  be  easily  pealed  off. 
The  third  stomach  contains  dry,  hard  food  masses,  closely 
adhering  to  its  walls.    In  some  cases  the  brain  appears  to 


208  •    THE   VETERINARIAN 

become  affected,  probably  from  the  pain  endured  and 
weakness  and  absorption  of  poisons  generated  m  the 
digestive  canal.  In  such  cases  there  is  weakness  and  a 
staggering  gait;  the  sheep  or  goats  do  not  appear  to  see, 
and  will  consequently  run  against  obstacles.  After  a 
time  it  falls  down  and  gives  up  to  a  violent  disordered 
struggle.  This  delirious  condition  is  succeeded  by  stupor 
and  death. 


.  Champion  Shropshire  Eam. 
Owned  by  McKerrow  &  Son,  Pewaukee,  Wis. 

Teeatment:'  Successful,  if  fed  in  its  first  stages  on 
small  quantities  of  roots,  sweet  silage  or  select  grasses 
orhav.  This  should  be  offered  several  times  daily.  Very 
'little  food  should  be  allowed  if  the  animal  is  constipated, 
in  which  case  give  two  to  four  ounces  of  Glauber  Salts 
dissolved  in  a  pint  of  hot  water.    When  it  cools,  set  the 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        209 

animal  on  its  haunches  and  pour  slowly  and  carefully. 
If  they  strangle  or  cough  let  them  down,  as  some  jof  the 
drench  may  escape  into  the  lungs  and  produce  lung  com- 
plications. After  the  Glauber  Salts  have  acted  and  if 
there  is  a  lack  of  appetite  and  the  animal  does  not  chew 
the  cud  regularly,  the  following  tonic  will  be  found  bene- 
ficial :  Pulv.  Gentian  Eoot,  one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vom- 
ica, one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  two  ounces.  Mix  thor- 
oughly and  make  into  thirty-two  powders.  Give  one 
powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  well  back  on  the  tongue. 
The  food  must  be  rather  laxative  and  of  a  digestible 
character.  After  an  attack  of  this  form  of  indigestion, 
ice  cold  water  should  be  avoided.  Food  should  be  given  in 
moderate  quantities,  as  any  excess  by  overtaxing  the 
digestive  functions  may  bring  on  a  relapse. 


JAUNDICE 
(Liver  Congestion — Inflammation  of  the  Liver) 

Cause:  Jaundice  or  Liver  Congestion  is  due  to  con- 
stipation where  there  is  an  inactive  or  torpid  condition 
of  the  bowels  and  the  bile  which  passes  into  the  intes- 
tines is  absorbed  and  produces  a  yellow  staining  of 
Jaundice.  Jaundice  is  merely  a  symptom  of  a  disease 
and  ought  to  direct  attention  to  ascertain  if  possible  the 
cause  or  causes  which  give  rise  to  it.  Inflammation  of 
the  liver  usually  occurs  as  a  complication  of  infectious 
diseases.  It  may  also  occur  as  a  complication  of  intes- 
tinal catarrh,  or  in  hot  weather  from  overheating,  eating 
decomposed  or  irritating  food  or  from  drinking  stagnant 
water. 

Symptoms:  The  signs  are  sometimes  obscure  and 
their  real  significance  is  frequently  overlooked.  The  most 
prominent  symptoms  are  the  yellowness  of  the  white  of 
the  eyes  and  of  the  mucous  membranes  lining  the  mouth, 
appetite  poor,  body  presents  an  emaciated  appearance, 
the  feces  is  light  in  color,  while  the  urine  is  likely  to  be 

14 


210  THE   VETERINARIAN 

uniisually  dark  and  there  is  great  thirst  present.  The 
gait  is  weak  and  the  animal  lies  down  more  than  nsual 
and  while  doing  so  frequently  has  its  head  around  resting 
on  the  side  of  its  chest.  Temperature  is  slightly  elevated 
above  normal  and  breathing  is  somewhat  hurried. 

Tkeatment:  Remove  the  cause  if  possible.  Give 
Glauber  Salts  in  three  to  four  ounce  doses,  diluted  in  a 
pint  of  hot  water  permitted  to  cool  and  give  at  one  dose. 
When  drenching  be  very  careful,  as  some  of  the  liquid 
may  escape  into  the  lungs  and  produce  severe  complica- 
tions. Feed  green  food  or  hot  bran  mashes  and  supply 
them  with  a  liberal  quantity  of  pure  water  to  drink. 


LIVER  FLUKE 

Cause:  The  parasite  that  produces  Liver  Fluke  in 
sheep  has  an  oblong,  flat,  leaf-like  body,  brownish  in 
color,  measuring  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  inch  in 
length.  Sheep  become  infected  with  this  Liver  Fluke 
from  grazing  on  low  marshy  pastures  infected  by  the 
larvae  of  Liver  Fluke. 

Symptoms:  A  sheep,  when  first  infected  with  Liver 
Fluke,  generally  thrives  as  the  parasites  tend  to  stimulate 
the  process  of  digestion,  being  located  as  they  are  in 
the  liver,  but  eventually  rumination  becomes  irregular, 
the  sheep  becomes  anemic,  weak  and  the  visible  mucous 
membranes  of  the  mouth,  nose  and  eyes  become  pale, 
bloodless,  taking  on  a  yellowish  color  as  the  disease  pro- 
gresses. Swellings  will  also  appear  under  the  jaw  along 
the  neck  and  under  the  lung  cavity.  The  process  of 
breathing  becomes  feeble  and  temperature  irregular. 
Pregnant  ewes  will  generally  abort  and  nursing  ewes' 
milk  will  become  so  deprived  of  its  nourishing  properties 
that  the  lambs  become  emaciated,  although  not  neces- 
sarily affected  with  the  Liver  Fluke.  -^ 

Prevention:  Move  to  non-infected  pastures,  supply 
the  animals  grazing  on  low  marshy  pastures  with  a 
liberal  amount  of  salt,  also  introduce  frogs,  toads,  carp. 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        211 

etc.,  into  the  marshy  ponds,  as  they  destroy  the  parasite 
in  its  first  stages  of  development,  feeding  on  their  inter- 
mediate host,  the  snail. 

Medical.  Treatment:  This  is  of  little  value.  After 
an  animal  once  becomes  infected  with  the  parasite,  it 
never  makes  a  complete  recovery,  although  Calomel  ad- 
ministered in  ten  grain  doses  every  two  or  three  weeks 
appears  to  have  a  very  good  effect  in  some  cases,  if  fed 
freely  on  liitrogenous  food  and  permitted  to  drink  well 
of  pure  running  water.    

LUNG  FEVER 

(Pneumonia — Congestion  of  the  Lungs — Pulmonary 
Apoplexy) 

Acute  congestion  and  inflammation  of  the  spongy  tis- 
sues of  the  lungs  is  frequently  seen  in  sheep,  the  same  as 
in  other  animals. 

Cause  :  Sheep  that  are  overdriven  are  subject  to 
Lung  Congestion  in  acute  or  chronic  form  and  sometimes 
Pulmonary  Apoplexy,  and  especially  when  in  a  plethoric 
condition  are  predisposed  to  inflammation  of  the  lungs. 
The  exciting  cause  is  very  much  the  same  as  in  different 
diseases  of  the  air  passage  and  it  is  not  uncommon  for 
the  inflammation  to  extend  from  these  parts  of  the  lungs. 
However,  there  are  a  number  of  causes  in  addition  to 
those  already  mentioned.  It  frequently  results  when 
sheep  are  accustomed  to  warm,  comfortable  quarters  and 
are  changed  to  cold,  drafty  pens,  or  shipping  some  dis- 
tance in  open  stock  cars  during  cold  weather.  In  fact, 
any  sudden  chilling  of  the  body  is  a  common  cause  of 
lung  disorders.  Giving  fat  sheep  too  much  exercise  when 
they  are  not  accustomed  to  it  is  a  very  frequent  cause  of 
Congestion  and  Inflammation  of  the  Lungs.  This,  may 
occur  when  they  are  chased  by  dogs,  etc.,  or  when  driven 
to  a  distant  market  at  too  rapid  a  gait.  Exercise  during 
the  hot  summer  months  is  apt  to  cause  congestion  of  the 
lung  substance,  as  well  as  heat  stroke.    Dipping  sheep 


212  THE    VETERINARIAN 

during  cold  weather  may  chill  the  body  and  result  in 
this  disease. 

Symptoms:  If  due  to  severe  exercise,  the  animal  ap- 
pears greatly  exhausted  and  the  Congestion  of  the  Lungs 
is  marked.  Death  may  occur  in  this  stage  of  the  disease. 
Inflammation  of  the  Lungs  usually  begins  with  a  chill 
and  is  followed  by  a  high  fever.  The  sheep  stand  most 
of  the  time  and  may  eat  nothing,  or  very  little.  The 
breathing  is  hurried  at  first,  but  when  the  lungs  become 
badly  involved,  it  is  also  labored.  The  character  of  the 
pulse  beats  varies,  depending  on  the  extent  of  the  in- 
flammation and  the  stage  of  the  disease.  In  most  cases 
the  pulse  is  full  and  quick  during  the  early  stages  of  the 
disease.  A  very  weak  pulse  is  present  in  severe  and 
fatal  cases  of  Pneumonia.  The  visible  mucous  mem- 
branes have  a  red  colored  appearance  and  there  may  be  a 
slight  discharge  from  the  nostrils.  The  expression  of 
the  face  is  anxious  and  distressed  in  severe  cases  and 
rigors  and  chilling  of  the  body  occur.  The  respiratory 
sounds  are  more  or  less  normal.  The  cough  at  first  is 
deep  and  dry;  later  it  becomes  loose  and  moist.  It  may 
be  accompanied  by  a  hemorrhage  during  this  stage  of  the 
disease.  Other  respiratory  sounds  are  revealed  by  plac- 
ing the  ear  to  the  side  of  the  chest  walls  and  listening  to 
the  sound  of  the  lungs.  This  cannot  be  practiced  in  long 
wooled  sheep  with  satisfaction,  as  the  chest  walls  are  so 
thick  that  the  lung  sounds  are  deadened,  or  the  noise 
made  by  the  animal  hides  the  respiratory  murmurs  in 
the  very  early  stages  of  Inflammation  of  the  Lungs.  A 
crepitating  or  crackling  sound  can  be  heard  in  the  dis- 
eased parts  and  louder  sounds  than  normal  in  the  healthy 
areas.  Later  when  the  engorgement  of  the  lung  sub- 
stance occurs  and  the  air  cells  become  filled  with  an  in- 
flammatory serum,  the  respiratory  sounds  are  deadened, 
but  on  returning  to  the  normal,  a  rattling  sound  occurs. 
These  symptoms  help  greatly  in  determining  the  animal's 
condition  and  in  watching  the  progress  of  the  disease. 


DISEASES  OP  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        213 

The  chances  for  the  recovery  depend  on  the  extent  and 
the  acuteness  of  the  inflammation.  Careless  handling, 
exercising,  etc.,  lessen  the  chances  for  a  favorable  ter- 
mination in  the  disease,  but  good  care  helps  more  to  bring 
about  recovery  than  the  medical  treatment.  The  recov- 
ery is  more  unfavorable  in  fat  than  in  lean  sheep,  as  the 
inflammation  is  usually  more  severe  in  the  former.  The 
course  is  from  seven  to  twenty-one  days  and  it  may  be- 
come chronic  if  the  irritation  is  kept  up.  In  such  cases, 
unthriftiness  is  a  prominent  sign. 

Teeatment  :  The  preventive  treatment  in  Pneumonia 
must  not  be  overlooked.  Briefly,  it  consists  in  avoiding 
such  conditions  as  may  predispose  the  animal  to  the  dis- 
ease or  act  in  any  way  as  an  exciting  cause.  Careful 
nursing  is  a  very  important  part  of  the  treatment.  The 
sheep  should  be  given  a  comfortable,  well  ventilated  shed 
and  kept  as  quiet  as  possible.  If  the  bowels  become  con- 
stipated, give  two  or  three  ounces  of  Castor  Oil  and  feed 
sloppy  food.  As  one  attack  predisposes  the  sheep  to  a 
second,  it  should  be  protected  from  severe  cold,  or  the 
other  extreme,  heat,  for  a  month  after  making  a  com- 
plete recovery. 

The  following  prescription  will  be  found  very  bene- 
ficial :  Iodide  of  Ammonia,  one-half  ounce ;  Chlorate  of 
Potassi,  one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  one  ounce.  Make 
into  twenty-four  powders  and  give  one  powder  every  four 
hours  well  back  on  the  tongue.  Continue  this  treatment 
until  the  animal  has  recovered. 


LUNG   WORMS,    LAMB    DISEASE 

(Verminous  Bronchitis) 
Cause:  Due  to  a  white  thread-like  worm  (Strongylus 
Filaria)  varying  in  length  from  one  to  three  inches. 
These  worms  aflFect  and  live  in  the  trachea  (windpipe) 
and  bronchial  tubes.  Infected  animals,  in  coughing,  ex- 
pel fertilized  eggs  which  develop  on  the  grass  and  stag- 


214 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


nant  water.  The  larvae  are  again  taken  up  either  in  the 
drinking  water  or  in  eating  grass  or  hay  gathered  on 
low  marshy  soil.  Warm  wet  weather  favors  their  devel- 
opment. 

Symptoms:  This  worm  is  liable  to  attack  a  number 
of  animals  at  the  same  time.  The  weakest  sheep  and 
young  lambs  are  the  first  to  show  signs  by  coughing 
forcibly,  distressing,  hacking  and  convulsive  in  character. 


-p^' 
•i".  * 


r. 


Champion  Cotswold  Ewes. 
Owned  by  F.  A.  Koser,  Eickreall,  Ore. 

A  stringy  mucus  is  sometimes  expelled  during  the  spasm 
of  coughing.  This  mucus  contains  worms  which  can  be 
detected,  or  their  ova  observed  under  a  magnifying  glass. 
In  the  latter  stages  of  the  disease,  they  cough  severely 
at  night.  These  attacks  have  a  sub-acute  character  and 
prove  very  exhausting.  The  parasite  by  becoming  en- 
twined in  balls  severely  affects  the  animaPs  breathing 
which  is  always  remarkably  labored  in  the  latter  stages 
of  the  disease.    The  animal  refuses  to  eat,  becomes  ema- 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        215 

ciated,  anemic,  mucous  membranes  of  the  eyes,  moutli 
and  nose  become  very  pale  and  the  sheep  die  in  convul- 
sions from  suffocation. 

Pkeventive  Treatment  :  Avoid  grazing  your  sheep  on 
low  marshy  soil,  especially  during  warm  wet  weather. 
Young  lambs  and  weak  ewes  are  especially  susceptible  to 
this  disease. 

Medical  Treatment:  The  writer  has  tried  various 
treatments  as  fumigation  with  different  substances  and 
injection  of  remedies  into  the  windpipe  by  the  use  of  a 
hypodermic  syringe,  etc.,  but  none  have  proven  very  suc- 
cessful, from  a  practical  standpoint.  I  would  recommend 
placing  the  affected  animals  in  a  tightly  closed  barn  or 
shed,  in  the  center  of  which  place  a  pan  of  red  hot  coals 
and  cover  with  Sulphur. 

A  person  should  remain  in  the  barn  or  shed  as  long  as 
he  possibly  can  and  after  the  fumes  become  so  irritating 
that  he  cannot  endure  them  any  longer,  he  should  im- 
mediately make  his  exit.  The  sheep  should  be  compelled 
to  stay  a  minute  or  two  longer  and  then  quickly  open 
the  doors  and  windows.  Eepeat  this  treatment  once  or 
twice  a  week.  Feed  affected  animals  well.  Give  them 
fresh  water  to  drink  and  protect  them  from  exposure. 
This  treatment,  as  above  described,  has  given  very  good 
results,  providing  the  parasites  were  not  too  numerous. 


SCAB 

(Mange) 

Cause  :  The  mange  mite  (Psoroptes  Communis) .  This 
parasite  is  equipped  with  stylets  which  pierce  the  skin 
at  the  seat  where  the  mange  mite  penetrates  the  skin, 
and  produces  small  red  spots  followed  by  a  blister  filled 
with  serum,  which  ruptures,  the  serum  drying  and  form- 
ing a  small  scab.  It  is  in  this  way  that  innumerable 
mange  mites  cause  the  piling  up  of  scabs  thus  producing 
a  very  scaly  condition.     As  Mange  advances,  the  scaly 


216  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

patches  eventually  pile  up  until  they  attain  the  thickness 
of  one-half  inch,  unless  these  scabs  have  been  severely 
rubbed. 

Symptoms  :  Very  easily  detected,  as  a  bunch  of  sheep 
that  have  been  recently  infected  will  be  uneasy  or  rest- 
less, rubbing  against  fences,  posts,  brush,  etc.,  causing 
bunches  of  wool  to  loosen.  The  itching  seems  to  be  more 
intense  at  night  and  during  warm  weather.  The  affected 
animals  will  even  make  attempts  to  bite  themselves,  due 
to  the  agony  produced  by  the  mange  mite.  If  the  skin  is 
examined  by  the  aid  of  a  magnifying  glass,  the  mange 
mite  can  be  easily  noticed,  or  by  scraping  the  skin  with 
a  knife  and  placing  the  scabs  on  a  dark  paper  and  ex- 
posed to  the  warmth  of  the  sun,  the  mange  mite  moving 
about  can  readily  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye.  Mangy 
sheep  become  very  poor  and  eventually  die. 

Pkevention  :  This  is  important,  for  although  the  dis- 
ease is  treated  with  very  good  results,  the  mange  mite 
annoy  the  sheep  until  they  become  very  weak  and  ema- 
ciated and  the  loss  of  wool  is  enormous  due  to  the  affected 
animal  continually  rubbing  against  fences,  brush,  etc. 

Teeatment  :  Consists  of  using  various  dips,  as  Lime 
y<and  Sulphur,  which  is  recommended  by  the  United  States 
^  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  This  is  very  effective  and 
inexpensive.  Scabby  sheep  should  be  dipped  a  week  or 
ten  days  after  shearing;  two  dippings  are  necessary  at 
the  interval  of  ten  days.  After  dipping,  move  to  non^ 
infected  range  or  pastures. 


TICK 

(Louse  Fly) 

Cause  :  The  tick  that  infects  sheep  has  a  very  small 
head  sunken  into  its  round  body.  The  head  possesses  a 
flexible  trunk  or  snout  that  penetrates  the  skin.  Through 
this  trunk,  the  ticks  derive  their  nourishment  by  sucking 
the  blood  from  the  body  of  the  sheep.    The  tick  is  also 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        217 

provided  with  three  pairs  of  legs.  The  female  lays  her 
young  in  the  form  of  a  spun  egg  (cocoon)  which  is  ob- 
long in  shape  and  brown  in  color.  This  egg  is  cemented 
to  the  wool  of  sheep  where  young  ticks  are  hatched  in 
about  four  to  six  weeks. 

Symptoms:  Long  wooled  sheep  are  more  susceptible 
to  this  tick  as  their  wool  provides  shelter  for  both  the 
tick  and  its  eggs.  After  shearing  the  sheep  the  ticks  have 
a  tendency  to  leave  the  body  and  to  migrate  to  the  legs 
or  to  unshorn  lambs  where  their  snouts  or  trunks  pierce 
the  skin  which  appears  to  become  infected,  producing  a 
swelling  and  inflammation.  The  infected  sheep  run, 
scratch  and  bite  themselves.  When  these  ticks  become 
developed  in  large  quantities,  they  produce  a  paleness 
of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  eyes,  mouth  and  nose, 
as  the  ticks  suck  large  quantities  of  blood,  which  pro- 
duces an  anemic  condition.  The  sheep  become  poor,  weak 
and  unthrifty. 

Treatment:  Satisfactorily  treated  by  dipping  in- 
fected sheep  in  Coal  Tar  dips  or  Emulsions  of  Crude 
Petroleum.  Shearing  the  sheep  has  a  good  effect,  but 
care  must  be  exercised  as  the  ticks  then  rapidly  migrate 
to  the  lambs. 


ANNUAL    DEPOSIT    OR    INVESTMENT    TO 
ACCUMULATE    $1,000 

Amount  of  Money  th-at  must  be  Deposited  or  Invested 

annually   in   Advance,    at    Compound    Interest,    to 

Amount  to  $1,000  in  a  given  Number  of  Years. 


Eate 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

% 

Years 

Years 

Years 

Years 

Years 

Years 

Years 

3 

84.69 

52.20 

36.13 

26.63 

20.41 

16.06 

12.88 

3y4 

83.51 

51.13 

35.14 

25.70 

19.55 

15.26 

12.13 

31^ 

82.36 

50.07 

34.17 

24.81 

18.72 

14.49 

11.43 

3% 

81.21 

49.04 

33.22  ■ 

23.93 

17.92 

13.76 

10.76 

4 

80.09 

48.02 

32.29 

23.09 

17.14 

13.06 

10.12 

4% 

78.98 

47.02 

31.39 

22.27 

16.40 

12.38 

9.51 

4y2 

77.88 

46.04 

30.50 

21.47 

15.69 

11.74 

8.94 

4% 

76.79 

45.08 

29.64 

20.70 

15.00 

11.13 

8.40 

5 

75.72 

44.14 

28.80 

.  19.96 

14.34 

10.54 

7.88 

5% 

74.66 

43.21 

27.98 

19.23 

13.70 

9.99 

7.40 

51/2 

73.62 

42.30 

27.18 

18.53 

13.09 

9.45 

6.94 

5% 

72.59 

41.41 

26.41 

17.85 

12.50 

8.95 

6.50 

6 

71.57 

40.53 

25.65 

17.20 

11.93 

8.47 

6.10 

61/4 

70.57 

39.67 

24.91 

16.56 

11.39 

8.01 

^5.71 

61/2 

69.58 

38.83 

24.18 

15.95 

10.87 

7.57 

5.35 

6% 

68.61 

38.00 

23.48 

15.35 

10.37 

7.16 

5.00 

7 

67.64 

37.19 

22.80 

14.78 

9.89 

6.76 

4.68 

218 


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DISEASES    OF 
POULTRY 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


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iimiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiimiiiiii;: 


White  Plymouth  Eocks,  Eayckoft  Farm,  Adeian,  Mich. 


CHAPTER  V 


AIR    SAC    MITE 

Cause:  Produced  by  a  parasite  called  Cylodites  Nu- 
dus,  which  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  the  parasite 
causing  mange  or  scabies  in  the  domesticated  animal. 
Owing  to  the  peculiar  construction  of  their  breathing 
organs  fowls  are  more  susceptible  to  parasites  than 
animals.  In  addition  to  affecting  the  lungs,  the  Air  Sac 
Mite  may  extend  its  operations  to  the  intestines,  kidneys, 
liver  and  bones. 

Symptoms:  Unthriftiness  is  first  noticed,  but  after 
the  parasites  become  numerous,  the  fowl  shows  signs  of 
difficult  breathing,  perhaps  terminating  in  bronchial 
pneumonia.  In  some  cases  death  occurs  without  appar- 
ent cause.  The  bird  will  be  inactive,  becomes  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  flock,  comb  pale,  head  drawn  close 
to  the  body,  wings  hang  pendulous,  lose  flesh,  breathing 
becomes  hard,  coughing,  sneezing  and  a  rattling  from 
the  mucus  in  the  windpipe  is  heard.  Death  is  produced 
from  suffocation. 

Treatment:  Separate  the  sick  from  the  healthy 
fowls.  Disinfect  coops  and  runways  of  both  sick  and 
healthy  birds  with  Crude  Carbolic  Acid,  undiluted.  Also 
fumigate  the  fowls  in  their  coops  with  steam  from  hot 
w^ater  and  Pine  Tar.  This  may  be  done  by  placing  the 
water  and  Tar  in  a  pan  and  then  inserting  a  hot  stone 
or  brick  in  the  solution.  This  perhaps  is  the  simplest 
method  of  fumigation.  Also  mix  Sulphur  in  their  feed 
regularly. 


221 


222  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

APOPLEXY 

(Hemorrhage  of  the  Brain) 

Due  to  the  rupture  of  a  blood  vessel  of  the  brain  and 
pressure  from  the  escaping  blood. 

Cause:  Mechanical  injuries,  straining  when  laying 
eggs  (hens  are  frequently  found  dead  on  the  nest  from 
this  cause),  overfeeding,  stimulating  food,  etc.,  all  tend 
to  produce  apoplexy. 

Symptoms:  Appear  very  suddenly,  bird  is  seen  to 
walk  unsteadily,  falls,  or  perhaps  is  found  dead. 

Tkeatment  :  In  mild  attacks,  apply  cold  water  or  ice 
to  fowl's  head  until  thoroughly  cooled.  Give  one-half 
grain  of  Calomel,  feed  soft  food,  compel  the  bird  to  exer- 
cise. Owing  to  the  loss  of  blood  a  tonic  will  be  necessary. 
Pulv.  Gentian  Eoot,  Pulv.  Saltpeter,  Capsicum  and  Ferri 
Sulphate  (Pulv.)  equal  parts  one  ounce.  Mix  and  place 
one  teaspoonful  in  feed  for  every  twenty-five  fowls. 
This  tonic  purifies  and  builds  up  the  blood,  just  what  is 
needed  in  this  particular  condition. 


BALDNESS 

(Favus) 

Cause  :     Due  to  fungi. 

Symptoms:  The  first  noticeable  sign  is  the  whitish 
appearance  of  the  comb  due  to  gray  spots  about  the  size 
of  a  pin  head.  As  the  disease  progresses,  this  condition 
spreads  to  other  parts  of  the  body;  the  feathers  look 
rough  and  dry  and  break  easily.  The  fowl  grows  weaker, 
refuses  to  eat  and  if  not  properly  treated,  dies. 

Treatment:  Remove  the  scabs  by  separating  the 
feathers  and  using  a  brush.  Apply  Sulphur  Ointment. 
Repeat  this  treatment  after  two  or  three  days.  Great 
care  must  be  taken  to  prevent  the  fowl  from  chilling  or 
taking  cold. 


DISEASES    OF    POULTRY  223 

BEAK    AND    THROAT    OBSTRUCTION 
Cause:     Lodgment  in  the  beak  or  food  canal  of  a  for- 
eign substance,  such  as  a  kernel  of  corn,  sunflower  seed, 
bone,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Fowl  jerks  its  head  suddenly  and  fre- 
quently attempts  to  swallow.  If  a  close  examination  is 
made  the  foreign  body  can  be  felt  from  the  outside. 

Treatment:  For  the  removal  of  such  obstructions, 
no  special  treatment  is  needed  further  than  to  use  care 
and  avoid  any  injury  to  the  beak  or  throat.  Feed  nutri- 
tious food,  as  wheat  bran  mashes  and  vegetables  and  see 
that  they  have  a  liberal  quantity  of  good  pure  water  at 
all  times.  

BLACKHEAD 

(Infectious  Entero  Hepatitis  of  Turkeys) 
Cause  :  Due  to  a  protozoa  taken  into  the  system  with 
the  food  or  drinking  water.  This  parasite  enters  the 
caeca  which  becomes  inflamed  and  discolored  and  the 
liver  is  enlarged  and  studded  with  yellowish  spots  about 
the  size  of  a  pea. 

Symptoms:  Although  this  disease  is  termed  Black- 
head, the  discoloration  of  the  head  is  not  necessarily 
present  in  all  cases ;  neither  is  this  condition  confined  to 
this  particular  disease.  One  of  the  first  symptoms  is 
loss  of  appetite,  followed  in  most  cases  by  diarrhoea. 
The  fowl  becomes  weak  and  loses  weight  rapidly.  Ex- 
amination of  the  liver  after  death  will  determine  whether 
or  not  death  has  been  caused  by  Infectious  Entero  Hepa- 
titis. The  dead  birds  should  be  burned  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  the  disease. 

Treatment  :  Prevention  is  one  of  the  most  important 
factors  as  this  disease  is  very  contagious  and  the  pro- 
tozoa once  implanted  in  the  turkey  runs  is  almost  im- 
possible to  eradicate.  Provide  clean,  well  ventilated 
coops  and  feed  clean,  wholesome  food  and  good  fresh 
water  to  drink. 


224  THE    VETERINAEIAN 

Medical  Treatment:  Give  Bismuth  Salicylate  and 
Quinine  Sulphate  each  one  grain  two  to  three  times  a  day. 
Also  mix  Hyposulphite  of  Soda  in  the  proportion  of 
two  to  four  grains  to  every  fowl  in  their  drinking  water 
twice  daily.  Disinfect  coops  and  runs  with  Crude  Car- 
holic  Acid,  undiluted.       

BODY    LICE 

Cause:  Insanitary  conditions.  Communicated  by 
direct  contact. 

Symptoms:  Young  chicks  become  emaciated  and  die 
quickly.  Older  birds  withstand  the  parasite  much  longer, 
but  in  time  show  signs  of  uneasiness  by  dusting  them- 
selves frequently.  The  comb  and  wattles  become  pale 
iand  bloodless,  the  feathers  rough,  dry  and  brittle.  The 
birds  grow  weak,  poor,  and  eventually  die. 

Treatment  :  Dust  the  birds  with  the  following :  Sul- 
phur, one  part;  Napthaline,  one  part;  Tobacco  Dust, 
twenty-eight  parts  and  seventy  parts  of  middlings.  Pow- 
der finely  and  mix  well  together  and  dust  the  birds  once 
daily.    Also  sprinkle  freely  in  the  dust  baths. 


BRONCHITIS 

Cause  :  Exposure  to  dampness,  cold  drafts  of  air,  in- 
haling irritating  gases,  vapors  or  dust.  The  fowls  should 
be  carefully  examined,  as  bronchitis  is  occasionally 
caused  by  the  presence  of  gapeworms. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite,  the  bird  moves  about 
slowly,  breathing  with  difficillty  and  making  a  sort  of 
whistling  sound  accompanied  by  a  cough.  As  the  disease 
progresses,  there  will  be  a  peculiar  bubbling  sound  from 
breathing  due  to  an  excessive  accumulation  of  mucus 
in  the  windpipe.  At  this  stage  of  the  disease  the  bird 
becomes  very  weak  and  if  not  properly  treated  and  cared 
for  will  rapidly  lose  strength,  the  feathers  will  become 
rough,  head  and  wings  droop,  and  the  bird  dies. 


DISEASES    OF   POULTRY  225 

Treatment:  This  disease  is  most  satisfactorily 
treated  by  placing  the  affected  birds  in  warm,  dry,  well 
ventilated  quarters,  admitting  sunlight  if  possible,  but 
excluding  all  drafts  of  air.  Feed  stale  bread,  middlings, 
etc.  Also  place  the  fowls  in  a  moderately  air  tight  coop 
and  compel  them  to  inhale  steam  from  hot  water  and 
Turpentine.  This  is  readily  done  by  placing  the  water 
and  Turpentine  in  a  pan  and  then  insert  a  hot  stone  or 
brick  in  the  solution.  Force  them  to  inhale  this  steam 
from  twenty  to  thirty  minutes  twice  a  day.  Also  add 
Chlorate  of  Potash  to  their  drinking  water,  one  teaspoon- 
ful  to  every  twenty-five  aged  fowls.  To  chicks  add  one- 
fourth  teaspoonful  to  every  twenty-five.  If  the  weather 
is  favorable  and  the  above  treatment  is  followed,  bron- 
chitis yields  very  favorably. 


BUMBLE   FOOT 

(Corns— Beep  Bruises — Abscesses) 
Cause  :     Sharp-edged  or  narrow  perches  which  bruise 
the  feet  or  where  the  perches  are  high,  heavy  fowls  often 
injure  their  feet  by  alighting  on  stones  or  other  hard 
objects. 

Symptoms  :  The  bird  limps  or  hobbles  about,  moving 
with  great  difficulty.  Examination  will  show  the  foot  to 
be  hot  and  tender  to  the  touch. 

Treatment:  Wash  with  clean,  warm  water  and  in 
some  cases  it  is  advisable  to  apply  Hot  Flaxseed  poul- 
tices. When  soft  spots  or  abscesses  develop,  lance  them 
with  a  clean,  sharp  knife.  After  abscesses  and  bruises 
are  opened,  treat  them  antiseptically  by  washing  with  a 
solution  of  Carbolic  Acid,  one  teaspoonful  to-  a  pint  of 
water.    The  foot  should  be  bandaged  to  keep  out  dust  and 

dirt. ' 

CATARRH 
Cause  :     Exposure ;  poorly  constructed  coops  which  ad- 
mit, rain  or  drafts.    Weak  birds  are  very  susceptible  to 
Catarrh. 

15 


226  THE   VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms:  The  bird  is  dull,  moves  about  slowly, 
coughing  or  sneezing ;  appetite  is  poor,  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  air  passage  becomes  inflamed  and  the  breath- 
ing difficult,  especially  through  the  nose.  The  discharge 
from  the  nostrils  at  first  watery,  becomes  mucus-like  and 


Prize  Winning  Buff  Orpington  Cock. 

thick  and  sticky,  closing  the  nose,  causing  the  bird  to 
breathe  wholly  through  the  mouth  with  a  wheezing  sound. 
Treatment:  The  cause  of  Catarrh  shows  the  neces- 
sity of  clean  and  comfortable  quarters  for  the  fowls. 
Keep  the  birds  strong  and  vigorous  by  feeding  clean, 
nourishing  food. 


DISEASES    OF   POULTRY  227 

Medical  Tkeatment:  To  each  fowl  administer  in 
their  drinking  water  or  feed:  Chlorate  of  Potash,  one 
grain,  twice  daily.  

CHICKEN   POX 

(Sore  Head — Warts) 

Cause  :  These  diseases  are  due  to  low  forms  of  para- 
sites or  fungi  and  occur  most  frequently  in  wet  weather 
especially  if  the  coops  are  leaky  and  allow  the  rain  to 
fall  on  the  droppings,  causing  mold  or  fungi.  Poor  ven- 
tilation and  lack  of  light  also  promotes  the  growth  of 
fungi. 

Symptoms  :  The  disease  is  usually  confined  to  the  head 
and  affects  principally  young  chickens,  pigeons  and  tur- 
keys, but  rarely  ducks  and  geese.  The  infection  appears 
in  the  form  of  yellowish  warts  or  nodules  about  the  nose, 
eyelids,  comb,  wattles,  under  the  wings,  or  any  unfeath- 
ered  place.  The  w^arts  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin 
head  to  the  size  of  a  pea  and  they  discharge  a  fluid  which 
at  first  is  thin  and  watery  but  as  the  disease  progresses, 
it  becomes  thick  and  sticky,  yellow  in  color  and  fetid  in 
smell.  At  this  stage  the  appetite  is  poor,  the  feathers 
appear  rough,  and  where  the  eyelids  are  affected,  as  in 
most  cases,  the  bird  cannot  see,  fails  to  eat,  becomes  ema- 
ciated, loses  weight  and  strength  rapidly  and  if  not  prop- 
erly treated,  dies. 

Teeatment:  This  disease  is  very  contagious,  there- 
fore the  coops  and  runs  should  be  disinfected  with  Crude 
Carbolic  Acid,  undiluted.  In  the  drinking  w^ater  add 
Hyposulphite  of  Soda  in  the  proportion  of  one  to  two 
grains  to  each  fowl  (one-half  grain  to  chicks).  Wash 
the  nodules  or  warts  about  the  head  with  Carbolic  Acid 
solution,  one  teaspoonful  to  a  quart  of  water.  Feed 
easily  digested  food,  such  as  vegetables  or  w^arm  bran 
mashes. 


228  THE    VETERINARIAN 

CONGESTION    OF  THE  LIVER 

Cause:  Lack  of  exercise,  overfeeding,  tainted  or 
moldy  foodj  infection,  or  impure  blood. 

Symptoms  :  Birds  suffering  from  this  disease  seldom 
show  signs  of  sickness  and  it  is  well  to  dissect  the  fowl 
after  death  to  ascertain  the  exact  cause.  If  death  is 
caused  by  Congestion  of  the  Liver,  the  organ  will  be 
greatly  enlarged  and  easily  torn. 

Tbeatment:  If  the  fowls  are  fat  and  sluggish,  com- 
pel them  to  exercise  by  driving  them  about.  Also  give 
fifteen  to  twenty  grains  of  Epsom  Salts  to  each  affected 
fowl.  Feed  laxative  foods  that  are  easily  digested,  as 
vegetables  and  wheat  bran  mashes.  They  are  cooling 
and  relieve  congestion. 


CONGESTION   OF  THE  LUNGS 

(Pulmonary  Congestion) 

Cause:  Exposure;  the  bird  chills,  causing  contrac- 
tion of  the  blood  vessels  near  the  surface  of  the  body, 
thereby  forcing  a  large  quantity  of  blood  to  the  internal 
organs ;  the  small  blood  vessels  in  the  lungs  become  dis- 
tended with  blood  and  rupture. 

Symptoms  :  Rapid  and  difficult  breathing ;  the  bird  ap- 
pears stupid  and  sleepy  and  does  not  care  to  move  about ; 
appetite  poor,  wings  drooping,  plumage  ruffled,  a  thick 
mucus,  colored  with  blood,  escapes  from  the  mouth,  comb 
and  wattles  show  a  dark-red  color  from  lack  of  oxygen 
in  the  blood.  This  disease  is  of  very  short  duration,  the 
bird  dying  within  a  few  hours.  It  is  very  common  among 
young  chicks  and  turkeys  that  are  permitted  to  run  out 
in  the  early  spring  rains. 

Treatment  :  Medical  treatment  is  of  no  value,  as  the 
disease  progresses  so  rapidly  that  the  bird  dies  shortly 
after  the  first  symptoms  appear.  Sanitary  surroundings, 
good  light,  pure  air  and  exercise  are  essential.  Do  not 
allow  the  birds  to  stand  out  in  the  cold  or  rains,  espe- 


DISEASES    OF    POULTRY  229 

cially  during  the  molting  season.  Keep  your  poultry 
strong  and  vigorous  by  feeding  clean,  nourishing  food 
and  give  them  pure  water  to  drink. 


CONSTIPATION 

(Intestinal  Obstruction) 

Cause  :  Irritation  of  the  membranes  lining  the  intes- 
tines, caused  by  dry  feed,  glass  or  gravel;  may  also  be 
due  to  parasitic  worms.  Obstruction  may  occur  in  any 
part  of  the  intestines  although  the  external  opening  is 
the  part  most  frequently  affected. 

Symptoms  :  Bird  appears  dull  and  stupid,  walks  with 
difficulty  and  attempts  frequently  to  expel  the  obstructing 
material.  The  appetite  is  poor  and  the  feathers  rough. 
By  examination  and  manipulation  the  obstruction  may 
be  located.  Dried  masses  of  excrement  by  adhering  to 
the  feathers  sometimes  block  the  outer  opening  of  the 
intestines. 

Treatment:  Remove  the  waste  matter  clinging  to 
the  feathers  with  warm  water  or  by  clipping  the  feathers 
ofP.  If  the  Cloaca  is  obstructed,  give  injections  of  Sweet 
Oil  or  Olive  Oil  with  a  small  bulb  syringe.  Also  give  one 
to  two  grains  of  Calomel  and  feed  clean  food  and  soft 
mashes  containing  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  one  grain  to  each 
fowl  twice  daily.  This  stimulates  the  worm-like  move- 
ment of  the  bowels  and  assists  in  expelling  their  con- 
tents.   

CROP  IMPACTION 
(Obstruction,  Paralysis,  Inflammation,  Catarrh) 

Cause:  Errors  in  feeding;  birds  that  are  not  fed 
regularly  are  predisposed  to  any  of  the  above  conditions ; 
may.  also  be  due  to  swallowing  large  pieces  of  bone, 
thread,  nails,  pins,  glass,  gravel,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite,  frequent  attempts  to 
swallow,  crop  greatly  distended  and  hard  on  pressure; 
eventually  the  food  decomposes  and  a  liquid  may  escape 


230 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


from  the  mouth  and  nose.  The  bird  appears  dull, 
stupid  and.  sleepy,  comb  pale,  feathers  rough,  beak  open, 
omng  to  pressure  on  the  windpipe.  If  caused  by  swal- 
lowing sharp  objects,  they  may  penetrate  the  crop  and 
skin,  causing  a  gangrenous  condition.  Grain  in  the  crop 
will  sometimes  send  out  sprouts  of  considerable  lengths. 


f^ 


Prize  Winning  Plymouth  Rock  Cock. 


Tkeatment  :  If  no  sharp  objects  are  present,  give  two 
teaspoonfuls  of  Sweet  or  Olive  Oil.  This  will  lubricate 
the  esophagus  and  crop.  Manipulate  the  crop  upward, 
forcing  the  food  gently  through  the  mouth,  adding  oil 
occasionally.  If,  however,  sharp  objects  penetrate  the 
crop  it  is  best  to  remove  them  through  an  artificial  open- 


DISEASES    OF    POULTRY  231 

ing.  Clip  the  feathers  from  around  the  intended  seat  of 
operation  and  wash  the  clipped  surface  with  a  Carbolic 
Solution,  one  teaspoonful  to  a  pint  of  water.  The  inci- 
sion should  not  be  over  one-half  inch  long  and  should  be 
made  as  high  as  possible  and  in  the  center  of  the  crop. 
After  removing  the  contents,  sew  up  with  ordinary  thread 
and  needle  and  wash  occasionally  with  the  above  anti- 
septic solution.  The  operation  is  not  difficult  and  will 
be  successful  if  the  parts  are  not  too  badly  inflamed. 

After-treatment  consists  of  feeding  very  little  food  un- 
til the  crop  is  fairly  well  healed.  Feed  soft  bran  mashes 
and  vegetables.  To  the  drinking  water  add  Boracic 
Acid,  one  grain,  twice  daily.  It  relieves  the  catarrhal 
condition  that  is  present,  such  as  irritations  of  the  crop 
and  intestines.  

DIARRHOEA 

^  ... 

(Gastro -Intestinal  Catarrh — Enteritis) 

Cause:  Inflammation  of  the  digestive  organs  can  be 
traced  in  every  instance  to  the  quality  or  quantity  of  food 
and  water  consumed.  The  food  or  water  may  contain 
parasites,  or  large  quantities  of  mustard,  pepper,  or  may 
be  moldy  or  tainted. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite,  the  feathers  appear 
rough,  the  crop  is  sometimes  paralyzed  and  distended 
with  gas,  the  bird  moves  slowly,  the  droppings  vary  in 
color  from  a  white  to  a  yellow  or  a  green  and  finally  be- 
comes tinged  with  blood;  at  this  stage  there  is  a  rise  in 
temperature  accompanied  by  great  thirst  and  signs  of 
pain.  Mild  cases  of  simple  diarrhoea  if  not  properly 
treated  when  first  symptoms  appear,  will  develop  the 
same  severe  conditions  described  above. 

Tkeatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it  if 
possible.  See  that  the  food  is  clean  and  nutritious,  the 
coops  well  ventilated,  the  runs  well  lighted.  Sunlight 
is  very  beneficial.  Avoid  exposure,  drafts  and  dampness. 
Place  oatmeal  in  their  drinking  water,  also  give  two 


232  THE    VETERINARIAN 

grains  of  Bismuth  mixed  with  dough  and  make  into  a 
small  pill.    Give  one  every  six  hours. 

When  in  addition  to  the  above  symptoms  a  bloody  dis- 
charge is  present,  give  six  drops  of  Tincture  of  Catechu 
every  four  hours.  Warm  mashes  made  of  bran  or  oat- 
meal are  very  nourishing  and  soothing  to  the  intestinal 
canal.  

DIPHTHERITIC  ROUP 

(Diphtheria) 

Cause:  Due  to  a  specific  germ.  The  disease  is  very 
contagious  and  is  communicated  by  direct  contact.  Great 
care  should  be  exercised,  therefore,  when  showing  or 
buying  birds.  Any  new  birds  to  be  added  to  the  flock 
should  be  kept  in  separate  pens  for  a  week  or  two  to 
make  sure  they  are  in  good  condition. 

Symptoms:  The  first  symptoms  are  similar ^to  those 
of  catarrh  or  cold.  A  clear,  watery  liquid  escapes  from 
the  eyes  and  nostrils,  the  head  is  drawn  in  toward  the 
body,  the  feathers  appear  rough,  the  breathing  fast,  the 
temperature  rises  from  three  to  five  degrees  above  nor- 
mal. The  bird  walks  about  as  if  blind,  sneezing,  swal- 
lowing with  difficulty,  and  showing  signs  of  great  weak- 
ness. If  the  mouth  is  opened  small  white  spots  or  ele- 
vations will  be  seen  on  the  back  of  the  tongue.  There 
may  be  diarrhoea  of  a  green  or  yellow  color.  As  the  dis- 
ease progresses  the  discharge  from  the  nose  and  eyes 
becomes  thick  and  stringy,  obstructing  the  air  passages 
and  gathering  in  large  quantities  between  the  eyelids. 
The  mouth,  throat  and  tongue  are  very  much  inflamed 
and  swollen  and  in  most  cases  it  is  impossible  for  the 
bird  to  make  a  sound.  Recovery  is  doubtful  after  the 
disease  has  reached  this  stage. 

Treatment  :  Isolate  the  affiected  birds  in  some  clean, 
warm,  light,  well  ventilated  quarters,  excluding  drafts. 
Dissolve  thirty  grains  of  Chlorate  of  Potash  in  one  ounce 
of  water  and  one  ounce  of  Glycerine,  and  to  the  average 


DISEASES    OF   POULTRY  233 

sized  fowl  give  one  teaspoonful  three  or  four  times  a  day. 
To  chicks  give  one-fourth  the  dose.  When  the  scum 
loosens  in  the  back  part  of  the  tongue,  remove  the  scum 
gently.  Care  should  be  taken  so  as  to  prevent  bleeding. 
Feed  soft,  nourishing  food. 


DOUBLE-YOLK   EGGS 

Eggs  are  frequently  found  with  two  yolks.  This  con- 
dition is  produced  by  two  ovary  capsules  bursting  at 
about  the  same  time  and  gaining  entrance  together  into 
the  oviduct  where  they  are  concealed  in  the  same  shell. 
Double-yolked  eggs  are  larger  than  normal  and  may  in- 
jure the  oviduct  when  expelled.  When  hatched,  they 
produce  twins  or  abnormal  chicks. 


DROPSY 

(Ascites) 

Cause  :  Generally  due  to  irritating,  indigestible  food, 
causing  inflammation  of  the  membranous  lining  of  the 
intestinal  cavity. 

Symptoms  :  The  abdomen  becomes  enlarged,  is  tender 
to  the  touch  and  contains  a  watery  fluid,  the  movement 
oJ^  which  can  be  heard  in  most  cases  by  pressure  on  the 
swollen  parts.  The  bird  appears  stupid,  the  comb  pale 
and  the  appetite  poor. 

Tkeatment:  Unless  the  bird  is  very  valuable,  treat- 
ment is  not  advisable.  In  case  the  bird  is  valuable,  give 
one  grain  of  Potassium  Iodide  twice  daily  in  the  feed  or 
drinking  water.  Also  feed  nourishing  food  as  beef- 
scraps,  vegetables,  wheat  bran  mashes,  etc. 


EGG  BOUND 

(Difficult  Laying;  Obstruction  of  the  Oviduct) 
Cause  :     Due  to  the  eggs  being  too  large,  the  bird  too 
fat,  or  to  the  absence  of  the  secretions  lubricating  the 
oviduct. 


234 


THE    VETERINAEIAN 


Symptoms  :  The  first  signs  are  scarcely  noticeable  but 
soon  the  feathers  appear  rough,  the  bird  becomes  dull 
and  moves  slowly,  making  frequent  efforts  to  expel  the 
egg. 

Tkeatment:  Remove  the  egg  by  injecting  Sweet  Oil, 
assisting  the  bird  with  gentle  pressure.    In  some  cases 


Prize  Winning  White  Leghorn  Hen. 


it  is  well  to  puncture  the  egg  and  collapse  the  shell.  If 
the  bird  is  very  fat,  reduce  by  careful  feeding.  If  the 
bird  is  of  normal  size,  the  trouble  is  probably  due  to  the 
absence  of  lubricating  secretions  of  the  oviduct,  in  which 
case  the  following  tonic  should  be  given:  Pulv.  Ferri 
Sulphate,  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  each  one  dram.    Mix  and 


DISEASES    OF    POULTRY  235 

make  into  thirty  powders.    Give  one  powder  two  or  three 
times  a  day  in  their  feed  for  a  week  or  ten  days. 


EGG   EATING 

Cause  :  Is  usually  due  to  lack  of  shell-building  mate- 
rial in  the  food ;  in  such  case  the  shell  of  the  egg  is  thin 
and  easily  broken  and  the  fowl  craving  the  lime  contained 
in  the  egg  shell,  naturally  contracts  the  habit. 

Treatment:  Supply  ground  bone  and  oyster  shells. 
Feed  green  food  such  as.  cabbage,  kale,  potatoes,  carrots, 

etc.  

EGGS    WITHOUT    SHELLS 
(Soft-Shelled  Eggs) 

Cause:  Deficiency  of  shell  material;  or  it  is  possible 
that  fright  sometimes  causes  premature  expulsion  of  the 
eggs  before  the  shell  is  formed. 

Treatment:  Feed  ground  bone,  oyster  shells.  They 
contain  egg  shell  producing  material.  Perhaps  the  best 
results  are  obtained  when  mixed  with  wheat  bran.  Also 
feed  vegetables  such  as  cabbage,  potatoes  and  carrots. 


FEATHER  PULLING 

(Feather  Eating) 

Cause  :  Irritation  of  the  skin  due  to  lice,  mites  or  to 
lack  of  exercise  and  improper  food. 

Treatment  :  Feed  meat,  ground  bones  and  vegetables. 
Place  the  food  where  the  fowls  are  compelled  to  scratch 
and  work  to  obtain  it.  Dust  the  fowls  with  Powdered 
Aloes. 

If  due  to  lice,  treat  the  same  as  recommended  under 
the  heading  of  Lice.         

GAPES 

(Verminous  Tracheo  Bronchitis) 
Cause:     A  red,  parasitic  worm,  the  male  measuring 
about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  and  the  female  one-half  an 
inch  in  length.    Fowls  become  infected  by  eating  worms 


236  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

containing  this  parasite  or  its  eggs,  and  by  coming  in 
contact  with  other  birds  suffering  from  the  disease. 

Symptoms  :  The  most  noticeable  symptom  is  frequent 
gaping;  the  Gapeworms  attach  themselves  by  their 
mouths  to  the  walls  of  the  windpipe  where  they  suck  the 
blood  which  nourishes  them;  they  cause  irritation  and 
inflammation  of  the  windpipe,  bronchial  tubes  and  lungs ; 
breathing  is  difficult  and  the  bird  loses  strength  rapidly; 
windpipe  eventually  becomes  totally  obstructed  and  the 
bird  dies  from  suffocation  and  exhaustion.  Young,  weak 
chickens  are  more  susceptible  to  this  disease  than  strong 
ones. 

y"'  Treatment  :  Separate  the  sick  birds  from  the  healthy 
ones.  Clean  and  disinfect  the  coops  and  runs.  Burn  all 
'  manure.  Eemove  the  worms  from  the  windpipe  by  the 
use  of  a  feather,  from  which  the  fan  has  been  stripped, 
leaving  only  a  small  brush  at  the  end.  Dip  the  feather 
into  Oil  of  Turpentine  or  Coal  Oil,  removing  the  surplus 
liquid  by  drawing  the  feather  between  the  fingers.  Now 
insert  the  feather  into  the  windpipe  of  the  bird  and  by 
turning  gently  you  will  dislodge  the  worms  from  their 
attachments.  Eepeat  this  treatment  once  a  day  for  two 
or  three  days.  Disinfect  coops  and  runs  with  undiluted 
Crude  Carbolic  Acid.  Feed  good  nutritious  food  as 
wheat  bran  mashes,  etc. 


HEAD   LICE 

Cause:  Result  of  insanitary  conditions  and  lack  of 
care.  Communicated  by  direct  contact  with  infected 
birds,  or  by  infected  coops  or  brooders. 

Symptoms  :  The  head  soon  becomes  denuded  of  feath- 
ers, and  also  sore  by  being  constantly  scratched  with 
the  feet.  If  not  properly  treated  the  chicks  weaken  and 
die. 

Treatment:  An  ointment  made  of  one  part  Sulphur 
and  four  parts  Lard  well  mixed  and  applied  two  to  three , 


DISEASES    OF   POULTRY  237 

times  will  exterminate  the  lice.  If  the  fowl  is  run  down 
in  condition,  feed  good  nutritious  food  as  wheat  bran 
mashes.  

HOW   TO   FEED   YOUNG   POULTRY 

Withhold  all  food  for  at  least  eighteen  hours;  then 
feed  stale  bread  moistened  with  boiled  -milk  every  three 
hours.  When  they  are  three  or  four  days  old,  feed  rolled 
oats,  ground  corn  moistened  with  pure  water,  finely- 
chopped  meat  and  boiled  vegetables.  Feed  them  often 
and  you  will  be  well  repaid  by  their  rapid  growth, 
strength,  and  the  low  death  rate.  After  they  reach  the 
age  of  one  week  or  ten  days,  watch  them  closely  and 
regulate  their  feed  to  their  apparent  needs. 


INCOMPLETE  EGG 

(Abortion) 

Cause  :  Irritation  of  the  oviduct ;  improper  secretion 
of  albumen  or  internal  egg-producing  material. 

Treatment  :  Careful  feeding  will  overcome  this  con- 
dition. Warm  wheat  bran  mashes,  ground  bone,  beef 
scraps,  all  tend  to  allay  the  irritations  of  the  oviduct  and 
stimulate  the  secretions  of  albumen. 


JAUNDICE 

Cause  :  Obstruction  of  the  bile  duct,  due  to  rich,  ni- 
trogenous food  and  insufficient  exercise. 

Symptoms:  Disease  is  not  easily  detected.  The  yel- 
low color  of  the  wattles  and  comb  is  the  first  symptom ; 
the  appetite  is  variable,  the  feathers  appear  rough  and 
dry,  the  head  is  retracted,  and  the  bird  finally  dies  owing 
to  the  absorption  of  bile  in  the  blood. 

Treatment:  Change  food.  Feed  upon  a  vegetable 
diet,  also  give  one  grain  of  Calomel,  which  is  particularly 
useful  in  a  case  of  sluggish  liver  in  poultry.  Also  give 
one  grain  of  Pulv.  Gentian  Root  and  one  grain  of  Bi- 
carbonate of  Soda,  twice  daily  in  feed. 


238  THE   VETEEINARIAN 

MANGE 
(Scabies  of  the  Body) 

Cause  :     Due  to  a  parasite  that  resembles  the  mite. 

Symptoms:  When  the  affected  bird  is  closely  exam- 
ined large  quantities  of  scales  or  scabs  are  found  in  the 
soft  feathers.  The  appetite  is  poor ;  the  bird  walks  slowly 
about  showing  signs  of  uneasiness.  If  the  disease  is  al- 
lowed to  run  its  course,  the  bird  grows  weak  and  even- 
tually dies.  The  disease  is  easily  transmitted  from  one 
bird  to  another  and  should  be  treated  without  delay. 

Tkeatment  :  Disinfect  roost,  coops  and  pens  with  un- 
diluted Crude  Carbolic  Acid.  Apply  to  the  irritations 
that  present  themselves  Dn  the  body  of  the  birds :  Sul- 
phur Ointment  twice  a  week  and  feed  good  nourishing 
food  as  wheat  bran  mashes  and  vegetables. 


PIP 

(Inflammation  of  the  Mouth) 
Cause:  Irritations,  injuries,  or  micro-organisms.  It 
is  sometimes  caused  by  nothing  more  than  a  dry  condi- 
tion of  the  mucous  membrane  due  to  the  bird  breathing 
through  the  mouth  when  suffering  from  respiratory  dis- 
eases. 

Symptoms  :  Dryness  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
mouth;  especially  the  part  covering  the  tongue,  which 
becomes  hard  and  ragged,  forming  rough  edges  along  its 
sides.  These  dried  portions  become  loose  and  partially 
detached  from  the  tongue,  interfering  with  its  move- 
ments and  causing  more  or  less  paih  and  annoyance. 

Treatment  :  Do  not  forcibly  detach  these  pieces,  but 
assist  nature  to  remove  them.  This  can  be  accomplished 
by  mixing  Glycerine  and  Water,  equal  parts,  and  drop- 
ping into  the  mouth  with  an  ordinary  syringe  or  dropper. 
It  is  advisable  to  add  Boracic  Acid,  one  teaspoonful  to 
every  gallon  of  drinking  water,  which  will  prevent  the 
entrance  of  parasites  into  the  blood. 


DISEASES    OF   POULTRY  239 

RED  MITE 

Cause:  These  grow  spontaneously  in  favorable  sur- 
roundings, as  the  interior  of  poultry  houses  and  brooders 
containing  numerous  cracks  and  crevices. 

Symptoms:  This  mite  is  a  blood-sucker;  irritates  the 
skin  and  sometimes  causes  sores  to  form  on  the  body  of 
the  chick.  The  birds  grow  stupid  and  weak  and  die  rap- 
idly if  not  properly  treated.  Older  fowls  withstand  the 
irritation  of  mites  much  longer,  but  do  not  thrive,  or  lay 
regularly,  and  will  finally  die  if  the  insects  become  too 
numerous.  The  insect  may  be  transmitted  to  horses, 
cattle,  and  even  to  man. 

Treatment  :  Paint  the  roosts  and  spray  the  interior 
of  the  coops  and  runs  with  Crude  Carbolic  Acid,  undi- 
luted, being  very  careful  that  the  solution  reaches  the 
bottoms  of  the  cracks  and  crevices.  Also  paint  the  in- 
terior of  brooders  with  the  same  solution. 


RHEUMATISM 
(Leg  Weakness — Gout — Paralysis) 

Cause  :  Damp  coops  and  pens,  lack  of  ventilation  and 
Improper  food. 

Symptoms:  Fowl  refuses  to  stand  or  walk,  and  on 
examination,  the  legs  are  found  to  be  swollen  and  pain- 
ful, especially  about  the  joints.  In  some  cases  suppura- 
tion of  the  joints  takes  place  and  they  become  open  run- 
ning sores.  The  bone  finally  becomes  diseased  and  the 
fowl  dies. 

Treatment  :  Preventive  measures  are  first  to  be  con- 
sidered. See  that  the  coops  and  pens  are  clean  and  dry. 
Avoid  drafts.  Feed  vegetables,  also  wheat  bran  mashes. 
Oive  internally  Salicylic  Acid,  one-half  grain,  twice  daily. 
When  the  legs  are  swollen  and  sore  apply  Camphorated 
Ointment  once  or  twice  daily. 


240  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

SCALY   LEG 

(Scabies) 

Cause  :  ^  Due  to  a  mite  that  burrows  under  the  scales 
of  the  leg. 

Symptoms  :  White,  scaly-looking  scabs  form  about  the 
upper  part  of  the  foot.    The  feet  and  legs  become  swol- 


Prize  Winning  Columbian  Wyandotte  Cock. 

len  and  painful  as  the  disease  progresses  and  if  not 
checked  will  result  in  lameness,  inflammation  of  the 
joints,  and  the  toes  may  slough  off.  Great  care  is  nec- 
essary as  the  disease  is  very  easily  transmitted  from 
one  bird  to  another. 

Treatment:    Use  boiling  water   or   Crude   Carbolic 


DISEASES    OF   POULTRY  241 

Acid,  undiluted,  on  the  perches.  Wash  the  feet  and  legs 
with  warm  water  and  soft  soap.  Dry  well  and  apply 
Carbolated  Ointment.  Repeat  the  above  treatment  every 
other  day  for  a  week.      . 

SORE    MOUTH 

(Aphtha;  Thrush) 

Cause  :     A  vegetable  parasite  called  Oidium  Albicans. 

Symptoms:  Inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane 
lining  the  mouth,  throat,  gullet  and  crop,  which  finally 
terminates  in  white  ulcerations.  Other  symptoms  are 
swelling  of  the  head,  poor  appetite  and  a  rapid  loss  in 
weight  and  strength. 

Treatment  :  Isolate  the  sick  from  the  healthy  fowls. 
Give  as  much  sunlight  as  possible,  feed  nourishing  food, 
such  as  warm  oatmeal  mashes,  kale,  potatoes,  etc.  Add 
one  grain  each  of  Chlorate  of  Potash  and  Boracic  Acid 
to  a  tablespoonful  of  water  and  give  three  or  four  times 
a  day  or  oftener  if  they  will  drink  it.  A  good  disinfectant 
must  be  used  to  prevent  the  disease  from  spreading  and 
I  would  recommend  the  use  of  undiluted  Crude  Carbolic 
Acid  about  the  coops  and  poultry  runs. 


TUBERCULOSIS 

Cause  :  This  dreaded  disease  is  caused  by  the  Bacil- 
lus of  Tuberculosis.  Damp,  ill-ventilated,  and  poorly- 
lighted  coops  are  favorable  to  the  development  of  the 
disease. 

Symptoms:  Except  in  advanced  stages,  this  disease 
is  not  easily  detected  as  it  affects  various  organs,  and 
considerable  experience  in  post-mortems  and  a  skillful 
use  of  the  microscope  is  required  to  successfully  diagnose 
a  case. 

Treatment:  Preventive  measures  should  be  prac- 
ticed as  the  disease  is  incurable.  Do  not  expose  the 
fowls  to  cold  wet  weather.  See  that  the  coops  are  well 
ventilated  and  lighted  and  feed  no  contaminated  food. 

16 


242  THE    VETERINARIAN 

VENT   GLEET 

Cause:     Constipation  is  perhaps  the  most  common'' 
cause,  the  hard  droppings  causing  irritation  of  the  vent 
which  is  followed  by  inflammation  and  suppuration  of 
the  lining  membranes,  rectum  and  oviduct. 

Symptoms  :  Frequent  straining  due  to  irritation.  As 
the  disease  progresses  a  pus-like  discharge  is  noticed. 
The  disease  may  extend  into  the  rectum  or  oviduct.  The 
bird  appears  stupid,  the  plumage  rough,  the  comb  pale, 
and  if  not  properly  treated,  dies  a  lingering  death. 

Treatment:  Preventive  treatment  is  the  best.  Feed 
green  food  occasionally  and  warm  bran  mashes.  This 
prevents  constipation.  When  the  bird  strains  frequently 
and  a  discharge  is  present  the  following  solution  should 
be  injected :  Sugar  of  Lead,  two  drams ;  Zinc  Sulphate, 
one  dram.  Mix  with  two  quarts  of  water.  Inject  about 
one  ounce  with  a  syringe  twice  daily  until  the  discharge 
has  ceased.  

WHITE   DIARRHOEA 
(Fowl  Cholera) 

Cause:  Germ  (Bacilli  of  Fowl  Cholera)  gaining  en- 
trance to  the  body  through  the  bowels,  lungs  or  wounds 
of  the  skin.  Death  results  from  toxic  material  pro- 
duced while  the  germs  are  multiplying. 

Symptoms:  All  poultry,  cage  or  wild  birds  are  sub- 
ject to  this  disease.  The  first  symptoms  are  loss  of  ap- 
petite ;  diarrhoea  is  present  and  the  discharge  is  almost 
white  in  color  and  tinged  with  transparent  mucus.  The 
affected  bird  becomes  separated  from  the  flock,  seems 
weak  and  stupid  and  appears  to  be  asleep;  feathers  are 
rough,  the  wings  droop  and  the  head  is  drawn  in  toward 
the  body;  crop  is  generally  full,  owing  to  improper  di- 
gestion. The  comb  is  pale  and  bloodless,  the  tempera- 
ture raised  from  three  to  five  degrees  above  normal  and 
the  bird  loses  weight  rapidly;  it  may  die  with  convul- 
sions and  cries,  or  without  a  sound  or  struggle. 


DISEASES    OF   POULTRY  243 

Treatment:  To  grown  fowls,  give  Zinc  Sulpbocar- 
bolates  in  one-half  grain  doses  three  times  a  day  in  their 
food  or  drinking  water.  To  chicks,  dissolve  thirty  grains 
of  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates  in  two  quarts  of  water.  Satu- 
rate feed,  as  stale  bread,  etc.,  and  give  three  times  a  day. 
Zinc  Sulphocarbolates  is  an  antiseptic  especially  pre- 
pared for  septic  conditions  of  the  intestines,  and  very 
useful  in  treatment  of  White  Diarrhoea  and  Fowl  Chol- 
era. In  severe  cases  of  diarrhoea,  give  Bismuth  Salicy- 
late, one  grain,  three  times  daily  in  feed  or  make  into  a 
pill  with  dough.  When  the  fowls  will  eat,  feed  them 
clean,  nitrogenous  food  that  they  can  digest  easily,  as 
oatmeal  mashes.  It  is  also  necessary  to  give  them  pure 
water  to  drink  at  all  times.  Disinfection  of  the  premises 
is  another  essential  factor  in  the  treatment  of  this  dis- 
ease, and  undiluted  Crude  Carbolic  Acid  is  a  disinfectant 
that  we  can  rely  upon  at  all  times. 

I  cannot  recommend  vaccination  as  the  serum  is  very 
difficult  and  expensive  to  produce  and  different  breeds 
of  birds  require  varying  doses,  therefore,  vaccinating 
poultry  for  White  Diarrhoea  or  Fowl  Cholera  is  not  at- 
tended with  any  great  degree  of  success. 


WORMS 

Cause  :  Few  fowls  are  entirely  free  from  worms.  The 
soil  over  which  the  chicks  are  permitted  to  run  may  be 
infected,  or  the  food  may  contain  the  eggs  or  embryos 
of  worms. 

Symptoms  :  The  presence  of  worms  in  fowls  may  not 
be  at  once  detected,  since  only  a  close  observer  would 
notice  them  in  the  droppings.  If  the  birds  eat  well  but 
remain  poor,  and  the  feathers  appear  rough  and  the 
comb  and  wattles  pale,  there  is  reason  to  suspect  the 
existence  of  worms. 

Treatment  :  Preventive  treatment  is  the  best.  Sprin- 
kle the  runs  and  coops  regularly  with  Crude  Carbolic 


244  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

Acid,  undiluted.  Give  two  drops  of  Turpentine  in  twice 
this  quantity  of  Sweet  or  Olive  Oil.  This  dose  should  be 
repeated  in  from  six  to  eight  days  so  as  to  insure  the 
expulsion  of  the  newly  hatched  worms  or  those  that  may 
have  survived  the  first  treatment. 


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MISCELLANEOUS 


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Some  valuable  facts  and 

figures  summed  up  for 

handy  reference 


I , , ,„ , «..« i i " »•"""»" '" '- """ """'"" ' " 


VALUABLE   DRUGS    AND    THEIR   DOSES    FOR 
DOMESTIC    ANIMALS 

In  the  list  of  doses,  oz.  stands  for  ounce,  pt.  for  pint, 
lb.  for  pound,  gr.  for  grain,  dr.  for  dram,  dp.  for  drop. 


Name  of  Drug 


Alcohol 

Alum   

Ammonia  Aromatic. .  . . 

Aniseed 

Arnica  Tincture 

Asaf  etida  Tincture .... 

Boracic  Acid 

Brandy    

Calcium  Phosphate 

Calomel 

Camphor   Spirit 

Carbolic   Acid 

Castor   Oil 

Chalk   

Charcoal    

Codliver   Oil 

Copperas 

Copper   Sulphate. ..... 

Digitalis    

Epsom   Salts 

Fowler 's   Solution 

Gentian 

Ginger   

Glauber  Salts 

Iodide  of  Potash 

Iron   Sulphate 

Jamaica  Ginger 

Laudanum    

Lead  Acetate 

Lime  Water 

Linseed   Oil 

Mustard    

Nitre   

Nux   Vomica 

Olive  Oil 

Pepper  

Peppermint   Oil 

Potassium   Bromide.  .  . 

Quinine   

Rhubarb    

Saltpeter   

Soda 

Subnitrate  of  Bismuth 

Sulphur 

Turpentine   


Cattle 

Sheep 

Horses 

Hogs 

4  oz. 

1-2  oz. 

2-4  oz. 

1-2  oz. 

3-4  dr. 

40  gr. 

2-4  dr. 

40  gr. 

2  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

1-2  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

1-5  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

1  oz. 

1  dr. 

1  oz. 

2  dr. 

.5-1  oz. 

1  dr. 

3  oz. 

.5  oz. 

2  oz. 

2  dr. 

3  dr. 

20  gr. 

1-3  dr. 

15  gr. 

4  oz. 

1-2  oz. 

2-4  oz. 

1-2  oz. 

1  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

2-4  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

5-20   gr. 

1  dr. 

5-20    gr. 

1  oz. 

2  dr. 

2-4  dr. 

15  dp. 

1-2  dr. 

10-20  dp. 

.5-2  dr. 

5-15  dp. 

1  pt. 

2-4  oz. 

Ipt. 

2-4  oz. 

2  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

.5-2  oz. 

1  dr. 

1-2  oz. 

2-4  dr. 

1-2  oz. 

2-4  dr. 

3-8  oz. 

3-8  dr. 

2-6  oz. 

2-6  dr. 

2  dr. 

20  gr. 

1  dr. 

10  gr. 

2-4  dr. 

20-30   gr. 

2-4  dr. 

20-30   gr. 

10-30  gr. 

5-15    gr. 

10-50    gr. 

3-10    gr. 

1  lb. 

1-4  oz. 

.5-1  lb. 

1  oz. 

5  dr. 

5-20  dp. 

2-4  dr. 

5-20  dp. 

5-8  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

4-8  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

5-8  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

2-8  dr. 

15-60   gr. 

1-1.5  lb. 

1-4  dr. 

.5-1  lb. 

1  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

10-25  gr. 

.5-2  dr. 

5-20   gr. 

2  dr. 

25  gr. 

1-2  dr. 

25  gr. 

2  oz. 

.5  oz. 

1  oz. 

.5-1  dr. 

2-5  oz. 

1-4  dr. 

1-4  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

1  dr. 

25  gr. 

1  dr. 

20  gr. 

4-6  oz. 

2  oz. 

4-6  oz. 

2  oz. 

1-2  pt. 

6-12   oz. 

.5-1  pt. 

5-10   oz. 

1  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

.5-1  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

3-8  oz. 

1  dr. 

1-2  oz. 

1  dr. 

2  dr. 

30-40   gr. 

1-2  dr. 

10-20    gr. 

1-2  pt. 

3-8  dr. 

1-2  pt. 

2-6  dr. 

2-4  dr. 

15-25   gr. 

1-3  dr. 

10-20    gr. 

30  dp. 

5-8  dp. 

15-30  dp. 

3-7  dp. 

2  oz. 

2-4  dr. 

1-2  oz. 

2-4  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

5-10  gr. 

50-60   gr. 

5-10   gr. 

1-2  oz. 

1  dr. 

1-2  oz. 

1  dr. 

1-3  dr. 

.5-1  dr. 

2-4  dr. 

.5-1  dr. 

2  oz. 

2-4  dr. 

1-1.5  oz. 

1-3  dr. 

2  dr. 

10-30   gr. 

1-2  dr. 

5-20   gr. 

3-4  oz. 

1-2  oz. 

2-4  oz. 

1-2  oz. 

2  oz. 

1-4  dr. 

1-2  oz. 

1  dr. 

Dogs 


1-4  dr. 

15  gr. 
20-60  dp. 

15  gr. 
7-20  dp. 

1  dr. 

8  gr. 

1-2  dr. 
5-20   gr. 

1  gr. 
10  dp. 
3-8  dp. 
1-2  dr. 

.5-1  dr. 

20-60   gr. 

1-3  dr. 

4  gr. 

1-2  gr. 

2  gr. 
1-4  dr. 
1-5  dp. 
40  gr. 

5-20    gr. 

1-4  dr. 

2-8  gr. 

4  gr. 

y^'Vi   dr. 

20  dp. 

1-2  gr. 

1-8  dr. 
1  oz. 

20  gr. 
5-20   gr. 

1-2  gr. 

2-4  oz. 
4-10   gr. 

1-5  dp. 
5-50   gr. 

1-2  gr. 
5-10   gr. 
2-10    gr. 
20-50    gr. 
3-10   gr. 

1-4  dr. 
20-50  dp. 


!4G 


CHAPTER  VI 


RESPIRATION 
The  number  of  respirations  per  minute  varies  with  the 
different  classes  of  animals;  as  a  rule,  the  larger  the 
animal,  the  slower  the  respiration. 

The  Horse   8  to  10 

Cattle 12  to  15 

Sheep  and  Goats 12  to  20 

The  Dog  15  to  20 

Swine 10  to  15 

The  rate  of  breathing  is  increased  from  the  processes 
of  digestion  immediately  after  eating,  or  may  increase 
from  exercise.  

NORMAL  TEMPERATURE  OF  THE  HORSE 

From  2  to  5  years  old  the  temperature  is  100.6°  Fahr. 
From  5  to  10  years  old  the  temperature  is  100.4°  Fahr. 
From  10  to  15  years  old  the  temperature  is  100°  Fahr. 
From  15  to  20  years  old  the  temperature  is  98.4°  to 

100.2°  Fahr. 
Sex  appears  to  slightly  influence  temperature : 

Stallion    100°  Fahr. 

Mare    100.8°  Fahr. 

Gelding    100.4°  Fahr. 

The  time  of  day  when  temperature  is  taken  is  impor- 
tant, the  lowest  body  temperature  being  at  4  a.  m.,  and 
the  highest  at  6  p.  m.  New  born  foals  ^  temperature  will 
run  from  102°  to  104°  Fahr. 


TEMPERATURE    OF    CATTLE 
Normal   temperature   is  from   101.8°    to   102°    Fahr. 
Compared  with  the  horse,  the  daily  variations  are  small. 


TEMPERATURE    OF    SHEEP    AND    GOATS 
In  these  animals  the  greatest  variation  in  temperature 
occurs,  viz. :    100.9°  to  105.8°  Fahr.    In  the  majority  of 

247 


248  THE    VETERINARIAN 

cases  the  temperature  probably  will  be 'between  103.6° 
and  104.4°  Fahr.  The  cause  of  this  variation  is  unknown. 

TEMPERATURE    OF   SWINE 
The  average  temperature  is  103.3°  Fahr.,  varying  from 
100.9°  to  105.4°  Fahr. 


TEMPERATURE  OF  THE  DOG 
The  dog  is  subject  to  important  variations  depending 
on  the  external  temperature;  it  varies  from  99.5°  to 
101.7°  Fahr.,  although  in  some  localities  it  is  as  high  as 
100.9°,  101.3°  and  101.7°  Fahr.  Feeding  will  increase 
the  temperature,  and  it  is  also  higher  toward  evening. 

PULSE   THROBS    PER    MINUTE 

Per  Minute 

The  Horse   36  to     40 

Cattle    45  to    50 

Sheep  and  Goats 70  to     80 

The  Dog 70  to    80 

Swine  90  to  100 

The  pulse  in  the  young  is  much  more  rapid  than  in 
the  adult  animal;  that  of  a  foal  at  birth  beats  100  to 
102  per  minute,  while  that  of  a  calf  will  go  to  130  per 
minute.  In  old  age  the  pulsation  becomes  reduced  and 
the  arteries  much  weaker.  The  pulse  rate  in  large 
animals  is  less  than  in  smaller  ones,  as  for  instance,  an 
elephant's  pulse  rate  is  from  25  to  28  beats  per  minute. 
The  more  rapid  the  pulse,  the  greater  the  quantity  of 
blood  in  circulation. 


AVERAGE   PERIODS    OF    GESTATION    OF 
DOMESTIC   ANIMALS 

Mare 11  months  Goat  5      months 

Ass  12  months  Sow 3i/4  months 

Cow 9  months  Bitch 9      weeks 

Sheep 5  months  Cat  8      weeks 


MISCELLANEOUS  249 

AVERAGE    PERIOD    OF    INCUBATION 

Chicken 20  to  22  days  Guinea  Fowl 28  days 

Geese 28  to  34  days  Pheasant 25  days 

Duck 28  to  30  days  Ostrich 40  to  42  days 

Turkey 27  to  29  days  Canary  Bird 14  days 

Pigeon 18  days 


VETERINARY    FACTS    AND    ADVICE 
TO    REMEMBER 

1.  Cleanliness  of  body  and  surroundings  is  a  necessity 

in  tte  treatment  of  animals. 

2.  Pure  air,  avoiding  drafts,  is  equally  essential. 

3.  Light,  excepting  in  the  treatment  of  eye  diseases,  is 

greatly  to  be  desired.  Darkness,  while  soothing 
to  the  eye,  tends  to  prolong  germ  life  and  disease. 

4.  Keep  dry — dampness  breeds  disease. 

5.  Keep    warm — in    chilly   weather,    blanket   the    sick 

animal,  hand  rub  limbs  and  bandage  with  woolen 
cloths. 

6.  Exercise  with  care — excessive  and  insufficient  exer- 

cise are  both  injurious. 

7.  Feed  with  care — green  grass,  in  m,edium  quantity, 

and  vegetables  are  cooling  to  the  blood,  easily 
digested  and  exert  a  slight  laxative  effect.  Grain 
feed  is  nutritious  and  strengthening,  but  it  is  not 
required  in  any  quantity  by  a  horse  not  working. 
Be  sure  that  all  feed  is  fresh  and  clean. 

8.  Drinking  water  must  be  pure — impure  water  carries 

many  disease  germs.  Also  avoid  giving  water  in 
large  quantities,  especially  if  water  is  very  cold. 

9.  Disinfection  involves  little  time  or  expense,  but  is 

invaluable.     Coal  tar  products  which  emulsify  in 
water  (1  part  coal  tar  products  to  50-75  parts 
water)  should  be  freely  and  occasionally  sprinkled 
aboTit  yards  and  buildings. 
If  only  these  few  fundamental  and  common-sense  prin- 


250  THE   VETERINAEIAN 

ciples  were  followed  by  stock  raisers,  a  very  large  per- 
centage of  the  ills  and  diseases  of  domestic  animals  would 
be  lastingly  prevented. 


DRENCHING 

Do  not  drench  an  animal  when  you  can  administer  the 
necessary  medicine  in  any  other  way.  Drench  only  when 
absolutely  necessary.  A  horse,  in  contrast  with  all  other 
domestic  animals,  cannot  breathe  through  its  mouth. 
Therefore,  in  treating  horses,  drenching  is  especially 
dangerous.  While  drenching  any  animal,  strangulation, 
pneumonia,  bronchitis,  etc.,  are  liable  to  be  caused  by 
/  some  of  the  drenching  liquid  escaping  from  the  mouth 
into  the  lungs.  This  is  a  frequent  occurrence  in  which 
the  drenching  proves  to  be  the  immediate  cause  of  the 
animaPs  death,  as  in  case  of  strangulation,  or  the  origi- 
nating cause  when  drenched  animals  later  succumb  to 
pneumonia,  bronchitis,  etc. 


MEDICINE   IN  CAPSULES 

In  many  of  the  treatments  prescribed  in  the  preceding 
pages,  the  use  of  gelatine  capsules  has  been  advised  in 
preference  to  giving  the  medicine  in  any  other  form. 

Capsules,  made  of  gelatine,  do  not  lie  in  the  animal's 
stomach,  as  commonly  supposed,  but  dissolve  readily; 
the  gelatine  itself  being  beneficial  in  many  cases,  espe- 
cially if  the  bowels  or  stomach  be  irritated.  The  animal 
receives  the  intended  dose  fully.  It  avoids  any  un- 
pleasant taste.  With  capsule  gun,  or  by  hand,  medicine 
in  capsules  is  more  easily  and  quickly  given  than  to  at- 
tempt to  hold  animal's  head  up,  as  is  necessary  when 
administering  liquid  drenches,  the  danger  of  which  has 

been  explained.  

PREVENTION    OF   CONTAGIOUS   DISEASES 

Newly  purchased  animals  or  poultry  should  be  segre- 
gated for  from  ten  days  to  two  weeks  to  give  opportunity 


MISCELLANEOUS  251 

for  any  infectious  diseases  with  which  they  may  be 
afflicted,  or  have  been  exposed  to,  to  fully  develop.  This 
precaution  will  often  save  the  buyer  from  loss. 

Avoid  exhibiting  in  fairs,  shows,  etc.,  where  the  health 
of  your  animals  might  be  jeopardized,  especially  through 
the  presence  of  contagiously  affected  animals.  If  you 
cannot  be  sure  proper  precautions  are  to  be  taken, 
better  forego  your  pride  and  possible  prize  ribbons. 


HEREDITARY  TENDENCIES 
When  breeding,  it  is  of  utmost  importance  to  select  a 
good  female  as  well  as  male,  for  the  least  faulty  con- 
formation in  either  will  in  all  probability  be  transferred 
to  the  offspring,  viz. :  an  animal  with  a  crooked  hind  leg 
is  subject  to  bone  spavin,  curbs,  bog  spavin,  thoroughpin, 
ring  bone,  etc.,  and  is  liable  to  transmit  any  of  these  dis- 
eases, especially  if  exposed  to  slight  exertion.  A  tuber- 
cular cow  will  invariably  give  birth  to  a  tubercular  calf, 
or  at  any  rate  the  calf  will  contract  tuberculosis  from 
the  milk.  

EVOLUTION    OF    STOCK 

During  the  transformation  which  our  country  has  un- 
dergone, and  is  undergoing,  no  one  industry  has  expe- 
rienced such  marked  changes  as  the  production  and 
raising  of  livestock. 

At  the  earliest  time  of  which  we  have  any  record,  and 
even  up  to  within  comparatively  recent  years,  large 
herds  of  horses  and  cattle  ranged  over  our  plains  in  a 
wild  state.  At  first  no  attempts  were  made  to  capture 
or  round  up  these  herds,  and  later  but  one  or  two 
attempts  per  year,  when  the  young  were  branded  and 
grown  animals  shipped,  if  possible,  or  driven  to  avail- 
able markets. 

As  the  country  became  more  thickly  settled  and  popu- 
lated these  larger  herds  were  broken  up,  the  ranges 


252  THE    VETERINARIAN 

"becoming  divided  and  fenced.  With  this  segregation, 
attention  to  breeding  and  care  of  animals  began  to  be 
practiced,  gradually  causing  the  animaPs  evolution  from 
the  wild  to  the  domesticated  state. 

As  this  process  of  evolution  progressed  the  animal 
became  farther  and  farther  removed  from  its  natural 
condition  of  living,  becoming  more  dependent  on  man  for 
food  and  shelter,  and  with  this  change  the  animal's 
former  vitality  and  power  to  resist  disease  decreased 
markedly. 

With  the  advancement  of  agriculture,  and  their  re- 
sultant prosperity,  the  farmers  and  settlers  improved 
their  stock  by  importing  blooded  or  registered  males 
and  females,  particularly  the  former,  until  today  our 
country  is  second  to  none  in  the  number  of  good  con- 
formated  draft  and  speed  horses ;  beef  and  dairy  cattle ; 
quick-maturing  hogs;  large  wool  and  mutton-producing 
sheep,  etc.  Poultry  has  likewise  been  improved  for  both 
egg-laying  and  meat-producing  qualities.  The  poultry 
industry  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  and  offers  large  induce- 
ments to  the  practical  raiser.  Our  importation  of  eggs 
is  enormous. 

The  average  stock  raiser  and  poultryman  has  just 
begun  to  realize  the  value  of  proper  care  and  treatment 
of  his  stock,  and  how  much  unnecessary  loss  can  be  pre- 
vented by  the  expenditure  of  a  little  time  and  even  less 
mpney  if  given  at  the  proper  time. 

Animals  and  poultry  are  subject,  just  as  humans,  to 
many  diseases  but,  unfortunately,  when  they  become  ill 
are  dependent  on  man  to  recognize  the  symptoms  of 
disease  and  diagnose.  Therefore,  it  behooves  all  owners 
of  stock  to  know  and  practice  the  fundamental  neces- 
sities of  their  animals'  health,  not  only  for  the  welfare 
of  themselves,  but  also  as  an  act  of  humanity  to  dumb 
animals. 


INDEX 


DISEASES  OF  HORSES 


Page 

Abortion 11 

Abscess    11 

Acute  cough 30 

Anemia    13 

Apthae 14 

Ascaris  megalcephala 69 

Atrophy   81 

Azoturia 15 

Barrenness    16 

Bleeding  after  castration 17 

Blood  poisoning 17 

Bog  spavin  19 

Bone  spavin 18 

Bots    20 

Bronchitis  21 

Capped  elbow 70 

Capped  hock 24 

Capped  knee 23 

Cerebral  meningitis 75 

Choking    25 

Chronic  catarrh 5* 

Chronic  cough   30 

Coffin  joint  lameness 26 

Cold 30 

Colic,  flatulent 83 

Colic,  spasmodic 73 

Colic,  wind  83 

Colt  constipation    31 

Colt  diarrhoea " 32 

Conjunctivitis    38 

Constipation  29 

Constipation  in  colts ^1 

Corns ^7 

Cough 30 

Cracked  heels ^o 

Curb    ....' 33 

Dentistry 4b 

Diarrhoea    ^g 

Diarrhoea  in  colts oz 

Dislocation  of  the  patella 77 

Distemper  35 

Dropsy  of  belly ^7 

Dropsy  of  legs g7 

Dropsy  of  sheath  ^^ 

Dropsy  of  udder ^7 

Eczema    ^^ 

Emphysema  of  the  lungs 45 

Epizootic  catarrh • 47 

Eye  diseases 3» 

Failure  to  breed lo 


;  Farcy 


43 


iFilariae J^ 

Fistula  of  foot 6« 

Fistulous  withers  ^» 

Flatulent  colic °» 

Forage  poisoning  jo 

Founder ^^ 

Galls    If. 

Gastrophilis    j^ 

Glanders 2^ 

Grease  heels ^^ 

Haemopis : i° 

Heaves .. .  • : *^ 


Hernia,  inguinal 


Page 

Horse  dentistry 46 

Inflammation  of  the  brain    75 

Inflammation  of  the  membrane  of 

nictitans 38 

Influenza   47 

Inguinal  hernia 69 

Lampas    47 

Laryngitis 78 

Leeches    48 

Lock  jaw 49 

Lung  fever   50 

Lymphangitis 52 

Mange 51 

Monday  Morning  disease 52 

Mud  fever 53 

Nasal  catarrh    30 

Nasal  gleet   54 

Navel  rupture    59 

Navel  string  infection    55 

Navicular  disease 26 

Nettle  rash ^0 

Open  joint 60 

Oxyuris  curvilis 63 

Palesade  worm  61 

Petchial  fever  64 

Pharyngitis 79 

Pink  eye 47 

Pin  worm    63 

Pleurisy    ^^ 

Pneumonia   50 

Poll  evil 64 

Purpura  haemorrhagica o4 

Quittor 66 

Red  worm  ^i. 

Rheumatism 6  < 

Ring  bone  ^» 

Round  worm b.' 

Rupture,   scrotal   o' 

Scabies ^\ 

Scrotal  rupture   ^;I 

Septicaemia    i ' 

Shoe  boil  ^'; 

Side  bones i^ 

Sore  throat  '  ^ 

Spasmodic  colic    ''^ 

Spavin,  bog    ]'l 

Spavin,  bone    ;^° 

Splints    l^l 

Staggers    i'^ 

Stifle  joint  lameness i,.' 

String  halt   i.^ 

Strongulus  armatus "i 

Strongulus  tetracanthus    b . 

Supernumerary  teeth  »» 

Surfeit    5y 

Sweeny |^ 

Tapeworm ^^ 

Teeth,  supernumerary    »» 

Teeth,  wolf »» 

Tenia % 

Tetanus    • *^ 

Thoroughpin ^^ 

Thread-like  worm   o^ 

Thrush '*'* 


253 


254 


INDEX 


Umbilical  hernia 59 

Umbilical  pyemia 55 

Urtecaria 80 

Wind  colic    83 

"Wind  galls 85 

Wolf  teeth    85 

Worm,  maw 63 

Worm,  palesade    61 


Worm,  pin    63 

Worm,  red    67 

Worm,  round 69 

Worm,  tape    82 

Worm,  thread    63 

Worm,  thread-like  40 

Wounds  8S 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE 


Page 

Abdominal  hernia 148 

Abdominal  rupture    148 

Abnormal  Calving 101 

Abortion,  contagious 109 

Abortion,  non-contagiou& 90 

Abscesses 89 

Absence  of  milk 151 

Actinomycosis    135 

Acute  cough 112 

Afterbirth  retention   144 

Amaurosis  of  the  eye 91 

Anthrax 91 

Apoplexy,  parturient 140 

Ascities    116 

Bacterial  dysentery 106 

Bag  inflammation 127 

Barrenness    92 

Big  head 135 

Black  leg 93 

Black  quarter   93 

Bleeding 94 

Bloating 94 

Blood  poison 96 

Blood  suckers    135 

Bloody  flux 97 

Bloody  flux  in  calves 100 

Bloody  milk   98 

Blue  milk   99 

Brain  congestion 142 

Bronchitis   99 

Bronchitis  verminous  155 

Calf  cholera    100 

Calf  scours 100 

Calving    .* 101 

Casting  the  withers 102 

Cataract  of  the  eye 104 

Catarrh    104 

Chapped  teats   105 

Choking 105 

Chronic  cough   112 

Chronic  dysentery  106 

Colic    107 

Congestion  of  the  brain 142 

Congestion  of  the  lungs    107 

Congestion  of  the  spinal  cord 142 

Congestion  of  the  udder    125 

Conjunctivitis    129 

Contagious  abortion    109 

Cough   112 

Cow  pox 112 

Cud  chewing  113 

Dehorning 115 

Diarrhoea    114 

Dropsy   116 

Dysentery   97 

Eczema 117 

Epizootica  eczema  120 

Ergot  poisoning  118 

Ergotism   118 

Eversion  of  the  womb 102 

Eye  inflammation 129 

Eyelid  laceration   134 

Failure  to  breed 92 

Fluke,  liver 119 

Fluke,  lung    119 


Page 

Foot  and  mouth  disease   120 

Foot  rot  123 

Foul  .in  foot   123 

Founder 124 

Garget    125 

Grub     156 

Hard  milkers 12^ 

Hematuria    14X 

Hemmorrhage    94 

Hernia,  abdominal 14& 

Hollow  horn 12S 

Indigestion    127 

Infectious  abortion    109 

Infectious  aphtha    120^ 

Inflammation  of  the  bag 127 

Inflammation  of  the  eye    129 

Inflammation  of  the  heart  sack..   130 

Inflammation  of  the  kidneys   131 

Inflammation  of  the  penis    131 

Inflammation  of  the  womb 131 

Joint  ill   133 

Jones  disease loe^ 

Kidney  inflammation    131 

Laceration  of  the  eyelid 134 

Laminitis    124 

Laryngitis   149 

Leeches    135 

Leucorrhea  •• 15S 

Liver  fluke   119 

Loss  of  cud 139^ 

Lumpy  jaw 135 

Lung  congestion 107 

Lung  fever    138 

Lung  fluke    119 

Mammitis,  simple 127 

Mange 139 

Measley  beef 140 

Milk  fever 140 

Navel  ill 13S 

Non-contagious  abortion 90 

Obstruction  of  the  esophagus 105 

Paralysis    142 

Parturient  apoplexy 140 

Penis  inflammation 131 

Pancarditis    130 

Pharyngitis    149 

Physiology  of  rumination 113 

Pneumonia    13S 

Pyemia 96 

Red  water 143 

Retained  afterbirth   144 

Rheumatism 145 

Ring  worm  147 

Round  worm 147 

Rupture,  abdominal 148 

Scabies 139 

Scum  over  the  eye 149 

Septicaemia    96 

Sore  throat 149 

Spinal  cord  congestion 142 

Stringy  milk 150 

Suppression   of  milk 151 

Tape  worm  151 

Teats  chapped  105 

Texas  fever   152 


INDEX 


255 


Page 

Ticks 152 

Tuberculosis 153 

Twisted  stomach  worm 154 

Udder  congestion 125 

Umbilical  Pyemia 133 

Umbilical  Septicemia 133 

Variola   112 

Verminous  bronchitis  155 

"Warts   157 

"Warbles  156 


Page 

\\'liites    158 

White  scours  in  ciilves 100 

Wolf  in  the  tail 158 

Womb  inflammation   131 

Wooden  tongue 135 

Worm,  lung    1 5;< 

Worm,  round   1^" 

Worm,  stomach lo* 

Worm,  tape   151 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE 


Page 

Abortion    164 

Administration  of  medicine 164 

Bag  inflammation    1^5 

Black  tooth 165 

Blood  poisoning   • loo 

Bronchitis   }^l 

Castration   167 

Catarrh    lo» 

Choking  168 

Cholera,  hog ^ '^ 

Cold  in  the  head lo8 

Congestion,  kidney l '^ 

Diarrhoea  in  young  pigs 169 

Heat  stroke 1°^ 

Hind  quarter  paralysis •.•:•••  l?Y 

Hog,  administration  of  medicine .  Ib4 

Hog  cholera   1 '1 

Hog  lice ;•:••: ]ro 

Hog  regulator  and  tonic ip^ 

Indigestion    1'2 

Inflammation,  bag io» 

Inflammation,  lung    17^ 

Inguinal  rupture  i»o 

Jaundice |4^ 

Kidney  congestion    ^'^ 

Kidney  worms ^'^ 

Lice  on  hogs i'» 

Lung  fever  | '» 

Lung  Inflammation    j-'^ 

Lung  worm 1^§ 

Mange • {'' 

Nasal  catarrh   los 

Navel  rupture   ^'^ 


Nettle  rash 


179 


Page 

Paralysis  of  the  hind  quarters...  180 

Pig  diarrhoea    169 

Pig  scours 169 

Piles    181 

Pin  worm   182 

Pleurisy   183 

Prolapse  of  the  anus 181 

Pyemia 166 

Regulator   and   tonic 163 

Rheumatism 183 

Rickets   184 

Round  worm 185 

Rupture,  inguinal 186 

Rupture,  navel    178 

Rupture,  scrotal   186 

Rupture,  umbilical     178 

Septicemia    166 

Scours  in  pigs 169 

Scrotal  rupture   186 

Sore  feet   18 ' 

Sore  mouth io» 

Sows  eating  their  young 189 

Sun  stroke    189 

Thorn  headed  worm 190 

Thumps    1»1 

Tonic  and  regulator 16d 

Urticaria   179 

Worm,  kidney   1 '  * 

Worm,  lung    17b 

Worm,  pin }^f 

Worm,  round  1°5 

Worm,  thorn  headed 190 

Worm,  whip  1^1 


Yellows 


173 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS 


Page 

Abortion     JJ| 

Acute  indigestion   ^J^» 

Acute  typanitis ^"o 

Apoplexy,  pulmonary :^11 

Black  scours    ^^^ 

Bloating     %\% 

Bronchitis   ^iS 

Catarrh • |^4 

Cold  in  the  head. 19' 

Congestion  of  the  liver ^09 

Congestion  of  the  lung ^ii 

Congestion  of  the  udder    201 

Diarrhoea    j^® 

Dysentery   ^^ 

Dyspepsia    fl^^ 

Foot  rot ix^ 

Forage  poisoning   ^"" 

Foul  In  foot ^^^ 

Garget    • f qi 

"Gastritis,  verminous   ij" 

Gid 


Page 

Grub  in  the  head 204 

Head  grubs    f')!* 

Head  maggot 204 


Hoven 


205 


Indigestion    206 

Indigestion,  acute ^05 

Inflammation  of  the  liver 209 

Inflammation  of  the  udder 201 

Jaundice -^o 

Lamb  disease ^\l 

Liver  congestion     ^1^9 

Liver  fluke 210 

Liver  inflammation   ;^09 

Louse  fly i\? 

Lung  congestion ^j| 

Lung  fever  %\\ 

Lung  worm *{^ 

Mange |}J 

Pneumonia   %\ji 

Poisoning,  forage ^'/" 

Pulmonary  apoplexy  ., ^^^ 


256 


INDEX 


Page 

Scab   215 

Scours,  black 196 

Strongylosis 19^ 

Sturdy    ^ 20? 

Tick 216 

Typanitis,  acute 205 


Page 

Udder,  congestion   of 201 

Udder,  inflammation  of   201 

Verminous  bronchitis 213 

"Verminous  gastritis 196 

Worm,  lung 213 


DISEASES  OF  POULTRY 


Page 

Abortion 237 

Abscesses  of  the  feet 225 

Air  sac  mite 221 

Apoplexy  of  the  brain 222 

Aptha    241 

Ascites  233 

Baldness    222 

Beak  and  throat  obstruction 223 

Black  head 223 

Body  lice  224 

Body  scabies    238 

Brain  apoplexy 222 

Bronchitis  224 

Bronchitis  verminous   235 

Bruises  of  the  feet 225 

Bumblefoot   225 

Catarrh    225 

Catarrh  of  the  crop 229 

Chicken  pox 227 

Cholera  of  the  fowl 242 

Congestion  of  the  liver 228 

Constipation  229 

Corns    225 

Crop  impaction 229 

Diarrhoea    231 

Diarrhoea,  white   242 

Difficult  laying   233 

Diphtheria 232 

Diphtheritic  roup 232 

Double  yolked  eggs 233 

Dropsy    233 

Egg  bound    233 

Egg  eating    235 

Egg  incomplete 237 

Eggs  with  two  yolks 233 

Eggs  without  shells    235 

Enteritis    231 

Favus   222 

Feather  eating    235 

Feather  pulling 235 

Feeding  of  young  poultry 237 

Fowl  cholera   242 

Gapes    235 

Gastro  intestinal  catarrh 231 

Gout 239 


Page 

Head  lice 236 

Hemorrhage  of  the  brain 222 

How  to  feed  young  poultry 237 

Impaction  of  the  crop 229 

Incomplete  egg 237 

Infectious     entero     hepatitis     of 

turkeys : 223 

Inflammation  of  the  crop    229 

Inflammation  of  the  mouth    238 

Intestinal   obstruction   229 

Jaundice 237 

Leg  weakness   239 

Lice,  body - 224 

Lice,  head   236 

Liver  congestion 228 

Mange 238 

Mite,  red  239 

Mouth  inflammation 238 

Obstruction     of     the     beak     and 

throat    223 

Obstruction  of  the  bile   duct 228 

Obstruction  of  the  crop 229 

Obstruction  of  the  intestines 229 

Obstruction  of  the  oviduct   233 

Paralysis  of  the  crop   229 

Paralysis  of  the  legs 239 

Pip   238 

Pulmonary  congestion   228 

Red  mite  239 

Rheumatism 239 

Roup,  diphtheritic   232 

Scabies  of  the  body    238 

Scabies  of  the  legs    240 

Scaly  leg 240 

Soft  shelled  eggs 235 

Sore  head    227 

Sore  mouth 241 

Throat  and  beak  obstruction 223 

Thrush 241 

Tuberculosis 241 

Vent  gleet  242 

Verminous  tracheo  bronchitis 235 

Warts    227 

White  diarrhoea 242 

Worms 243 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Page 

Average  Period  of  Gestation     248 

Average  Period  of  Incubation    249 

Deposit  or  Investment  Table 218 

Drenching   of   Animals 250 

Evolution  of  Stock 251 

Hereditary  Tendencies 251 

Medicine  in  Capsules 250 

Normal  Pu>se  Throbs  248 

Normal  Respiration    247 

Normal  Temperature 247-248 

Prevention  of  Contagious  Diseases 25p 

Six  Per  Cent  Interest  Table 160 

Table  of  Valuable  Drugs  and  their  Doses 246 

Veterinary  Fa(yts  and  Advice  to  Remember 249 


i^ 


^  t;% 


/  6 


^u-. 


Crap  Bound        ^ 

I  recently  killed  a  hen  that  for 
some  weeks  had  an  abnormally  large 
crop.  Upon  examining  the  crop,  I 
found  it  contained  a  great  deal  of 
fluid,  very  few  kernels  of  corn,  with 
the  remainder  being  a  hard  mass 
about  size  of  an  orange,  made  up  of 
fine  hair  and  straw. 

New  York  d.  m.  s. 

Your  bird  was  probably  crop  bound. 
When  individual  birds  get  indiges- 
tion they  attempt  to  cure  themfSves 
by  eating  anything  handy. 

If  possible,  squeeze  out  the  ma- 
terial in  the  crop  by  holding  the 
bird  head  down,  and  massage  the 
crop  and  work  the  material  out  of 
the  mouth.  Sometimes  it  is  neces- 
sary to  operate  and  remove  the  ma- 
terial from  the  crop. 

If  you  have  any  great  number  of 
birds  showing  crop  bound  condition, 
I  would  (1)  examine  all  feed  as  well 
as  litter  for  materials  that  could 
clog  up  the  crop.  (2)  If  necessary 
change  litter  and  use  something  that, 
even  if  eaten,  will  not  cause  stop- 
page. (3)  Give  the  flock  a  dose  of 
epsom  salts  at  the  rate  of  three 
pounds  to  each  500  lbs.  live  weight 
of  birds.  Mix  the  epsom  salts  in  the 
drinking  water  and  give  as  the  only 
drink  for  a  couple  of  hours.  Then 
give  plenty  of  fresh  water  to  flush 
out  and  restore  the  normal  water 
content  to  the  birds. 


Webster  Family  Li&rary  of  Veterinary  Medicine 
Cumnniings  School  of  Veterinary  Medicine  at 
Tufts  University 
20n  We.qthnm  Road 


^NE  of  the  largest  and  finest  herds 

^''    l.iiry  cattle  in  New  England  was 

-luestion  that  of  C.  S.  Tenncy  of 

Id,  Mass.  The  Tenncy  farm  is 

ited  in  the  heart  of  one  of'tlie  finest 

ieys  in  the  state.  The  buildings  are 

ited  in  the  heart  of  the  farm,  i)ainted 

wiih  white;trinimings,  and  with  two 
\^'  silos  they  made  a  beautiful  picture 
we  looked  down  on  the  valley.  Near- 
Ts  the  farrn  home,  beautifully  land- 
ped. 

lere  were  lioused  some  347  head  of 
ry  cattle,  the  results  of  some  25  years 
consistent  and  constructive  breeding. 
I  cattle  were  Jerseys  with  the  excep- 
1  of  one  unit  of  40  Holsteins.  Out  of 

herd  went  daily  some  1600  quarts 
nilk,  shipped  to  Springfield  and  Wal- 
m,  Mass.  Animals  in  this  herd  had 
le  lustory  in  the  Jersey  breed.  Silver, 
i  and  medal  of  merit  awards  had 
en  to  the  lot  of  many  outstanding  ma- 
ig  of  the  herd.  It  was  a  farm  and  a 
a  of  which  to  be  proud. 
Axmo:  the  flood  sweeping  down  through 

river  valley.  Floods  had  come  be- 


'fore.  The  great  flood  of  1927  had  iV 
but  little  damage  there.  Su( '  '  *  ' 
tcrs  were  not  likely  to  ever 
They  swept  pa.^^t,  bul  sudd.M.r  ^.i  i... 
the  low-lying  flats  were  inundated  and 
ere  long  they  surrounded  the  entire 
•farmstead,  rushing  furiously,  sweeping-' 
everything  before  if.  In  a  comparatively 
short  period  of  time  the  barns  were 
flooded.  There  was  n(j  escape  and  whea 
the  waters  receded,  they  lefi  disaster  in. 
their  wake.  The  toll  was  346  head  of 
cattle  drowned  on  this  Tarni  alone,  and 
neighbors  suffered  proportionate  losses. 
Before  the  waters  circled  the  farm, 
willing  hands  had  transferred  mtich  of 
thepoultry  to  the  lofts  of  tJie  barns,  but 
some  5,000  were  swept  away.  One  young, 
Jersey  heifer  was  about  due  to  calve. 
She  had  been  placed  in  the  hay  barn. 
When  found  later,  she  was  up  in  the 
loft,  and  lo  and  behold  had  given  birth 
to  a  beautiiul  heifer  calf.  May  we  present 
to  you  Owl-Interest  Lovely  Miss  and 
her  heifer  calf,  the  sole  survivors  of  the 
Tenney  herd.  All  that  remain  of  a  great 

CONTINUED    ON    PAGE    26 


Owl-Interest  Loveiy  ivils*  ana  ner  nooa-norn  v.j 


